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Relevance to Autism

Two non-synonymous postzygotic mosaic mutations (PZMs) in the HNRNPU gene were identified in ASD probands in Lim et al., 2017; comparison with a background set of 84,448 privately inherited variants demonstrated that this gene harbored more PZMs than expected based on background rates (2/571 observed vs. 5/84,448 expected; hypergeometric P-value of 4.5E-04). Additional damaging variants in the HNRNPU gene have been identified in ASD probands (Wang et al., 2016; Bowling et al., 2017).

Molecular Function

This gene encodes a member of a family of proteins that bind nucleic acids and function in the formation of ribonucleoprotein complexes in the nucleus with heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). The encoded protein has affinity for both RNA and DNA, and binds scaffold-attached region (SAR) DNA. Mutations in this gene have been associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-54 (EIEE54; OMIM 617391).

External Links

        

References

Type
Title
Type of Disorder
Associated Disorders
Author, Year
Primary
Rates, distribution and implications of postzygotic mosaic mutations in autism spectrum disorder.
ASD
Support
Integrating de novo and inherited variants in 42
ASD
Support
Clinical utility of multigene panel testing in adults with epilepsy and intellectual disability.
ID, epilepsy/seizures
Autistic features
Support
Targeted sequencing of 351 candidate genes for epileptic encephalopathy in a large cohort of patients.
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-54 (EIEE5
ID, epilepsy/seizures
Support
Deficiency of the Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein U locus leads to delayed hindbrain neurogenesis
Support
Clinical and genetic characteristics of patients with Doose syndrome
Epilepsy/seizures
Support
Clinical and molecular characterization of de novo loss of function variants in HNRNPU.
DD, ID, epilepsy/seizures
ASD
Support
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (HNRNPU) safeguards the developing mouse cortex
Support
Diagnostic Yield and Treatment Impact of Targeted Exome Sequencing in Early-Onset Epilepsy
ASD, DD, ID, epilepsy/seizures
Support
Whole-exome sequencing in undiagnosed genetic diseases: interpreting 119 trios
ID, epilepsy/seizures
Support
Neurodevelopmental deficits and cell-type-specific transcriptomic perturbations in a mouse model of HNRNPU haploinsufficiency
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 54
Support
Utility of genetic testing for therapeutic decision-making in adults with epilepsy
Epilepsy/seizures
Support
Using medical exome sequencing to identify the causes of neurodevelopmental disorders: experience of two clinical units and 216 patients.
ID, epilepsy/seizures
Support
Genetic and Phenotype Analysis of a Chinese Cohort of Infants and Children With Epilepsy
Epilepsy/seizures
Support
The Epilepsy Genetics Initiative: Systematic reanalysis of diagnostic exomes increases yield
DD, epilepsy/seizures
Support
De novo mutations in moderate or severe intellectual disability.
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-54 (EIEE5
ID, epilepsy/seizures, autistic features
Support
Clinical findings of 21 previously unreported probands with HNRNPU-related syndrome and comprehensive literature review
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-54 (EIEE5
Support
Genomic diagnosis for children with intellectual disability and/or developmental delay.
ASD
Support
Expanding the phenotype of HNRNPU-related neurodevelopmental disorder with emphasis on seizure phenotype and review of literature
DD, ID, epilepsy/seizures
ASD or autistic features, OCD
Support
An episode of acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion followed by hemiplegia and intractable epilepsy observed in a ...
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-54 (EIEE5
Epilepsy/seizures, DD, ID, autistic behavior, ster
Support
De novo mutations in epileptic encephalopathies.
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-54 (EIEE5
ID, epilepsy/seizures, ASD
Support
ASD, DD, epilepsy/seizures
ID
Support
Large-Scale Exome Sequencing Study Implicates Both Developmental and Functional Changes in the Neurobiology of Autism
ASD
Support
Genetic and phenotypic dissection of 1q43q44 microdeletion syndrome and neurodevelopmental phenotypes associated with mutations in ZBTB18 and HNRNPU
DD, ID, epilepsy/seizures
ASD
Support
Rare deleterious mutations of HNRNP genes result in shared neurodevelopmental disorders
Epilepsy/seizures
ASD, DD
Support
Incorporating epilepsy genetics into clinical practice: a 360°evaluation
Epilepsy/seizures
Support
Targeted resequencing in epileptic encephalopathies identifies de novo mutations in CHD2 and SYNGAP1.
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-54 (EIEE5
ID, epilepsy/seizures
Support
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 54, DD,
ASD or autistic features, epilepsy/seizures
Support
Rare Variants in 48 Genes Account for 42% of Cases of Epilepsy With or Without Neurodevelopmental Delay in 246 Pediatric Patients
DD, epilepsy/seizures
Support
Prevalence and architecture of de novo mutations in developmental disorders
DD, epilepsy/seizures
Support
Case report: Early use of whole exome sequencing unveils HNRNPU-related neurodevelopmental disorder and answers additional clinical questions through reanalysis
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 54, ASD
Support
De novo variants in neurodevelopmental disorders-experiences from a tertiary care center
DD, epilepsy/seizures
Support
HRPU-2, a Homolog of Mammalian hnRNP U, Regulates Synaptic Transmission by Controlling the Expression of SLO-2 Potassium Channel in Caenorhabditis ...
Support
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 54
Support
Exome sequencing of 457 autism families recruited online provides evidence for autism risk genes
ASD
Support
De novo genic mutations among a Chinese autism spectrum disorder cohort.
ASD
Support
The utility of exome sequencing in diagnosing pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders in a highly consanguineous population
ASD, DD, epilepsy/seizures
Support
Large-scale targeted sequencing identifies risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders
ASD, DD
Support
De novo mutations in HNRNPU result in a neurodevelopmental syndrome.
ID
Epilepsy/seizures, ASD
Recent Recommendation
Heterozygous HNRNPU variants cause early onset epilepsy and severe intellectual disability.
ID, epilepsy/seizures
Variant ID
Variant Type
Allele Change
Residue Change
Inheritance Pattern
Inheritance Association
Family Type
Author, Year
 GEN926R001 
 missense_variant 
 c.469G>C 
 p.Gly157Arg 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R002 
 missense_variant 
 c.359C>T 
 p.Pro120Leu 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R003 
 missense_variant 
 c.1507C>T 
 p.Pro522Ser 
 Familial 
 Paternal 
  
 GEN926R004 
 missense_variant 
 c.1211A>G 
 p.Asp404Gly 
 Familial 
 Paternal 
  
 GEN926R005 
 stop_gained 
 c.67C>T 
 p.Arg23Ter 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R006 
 stop_gained 
 c.2357G>A 
 p.Trp786Ter 
 Unknown 
 Not maternal 
  
 GEN926R007 
 splice_site_variant 
 c.1687-4_1692del 
  
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R008 
 stop_gained 
 c.511C>T 
 p.Gln171Ter 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R009 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1755dup 
 p.Val586CysfsTer7 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R010 
 missense_variant 
 c.970A>G 
 p.Arg324Gly 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R011 
 stop_gained 
 c.817C>T 
 p.Gln273Ter 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R012 
 copy_number_gain 
  
  
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R013 
 missense_variant 
 c.1132T>C 
 p.Ser378Pro 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R014 
 stop_gained 
 c.523C>T 
 p.Gln175Ter 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R015 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.651_660del 
 p.Gly218AlafsTer118 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R016 
 stop_gained 
 c.1714C>T 
 p.Arg572Ter 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R017 
 stop_gained 
 c.1089G>A 
 p.Trp363Ter 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R018 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.2270_2271del 
 p.Pro757ArgfsTer7 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R019 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1571dup 
 p.Lys525GlufsTer25 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R020 
 missense_variant 
 c.418G>A 
 p.Glu140Lys 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R021 
 splice_site_variant 
 c.1060+1G>A 
  
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R022 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.23del 
 p.Val8GlufsTer4 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R023 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1367_1368insGA 
 p.Phe456LeufsTer8 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R024 
 stop_gained 
 c.960G>A 
 p.Trp320Ter 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R025 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1664del 
 p.Leu555ArgfsTer51 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R026 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.76del 
 p.Ser26LeufsTer35 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R027 
 copy_number_loss 
  
  
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R028 
 stop_gained 
 c.508C>T 
 p.Gln170Ter 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R029 
 stop_gained 
 c.619C>T 
 p.Gln207Ter 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R030 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1925_1926del 
 p.Leu642ProfsTer5 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R031 
 stop_gained 
 c.1450C>T 
 p.Arg484Ter 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R032 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.395_401del 
 p.Asn132ThrfsTer63 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R033 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.2083_2084del 
 p.Ser695TrpfsTer6 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R034 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1836del 
 p.Tyr613IlefsTer11 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R035 
 stop_gained 
 c.67C>T 
 p.Arg23Ter 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R036 
 splice_site_variant 
 c.692-1G>A 
  
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R037 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.706_707del 
 p.Glu236ThrfsTer6 
 De novo 
  
 Not simplex 
 GEN926R038 
 stop_gained 
 c.1088G>A 
 p.Trp363Ter 
 De novo 
  
 Multiplex 
 GEN926R039 
 splice_site_variant 
 c.1686+1G>C 
  
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R040 
 stop_gained 
 c.1801C>T 
 p.Arg601Ter 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R041 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.847_857del 
 p.Phe283SerfsTer5 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R042 
 inframe_deletion 
 c.837_839del 
 p.Glu279del 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R043 
 copy_number_loss 
 c.2167+35_*4156del 
 p.? 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R044 
 stop_gained 
 c.1089G>A 
 p.Trp363Ter 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R045 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1641del 
 p.Asp548IlefsTer5 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R046 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1681del 
 p.Gln561SerfsTer45 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R047 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.454_466del 
 p.Ala152ThrfsTer41 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R048 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.706_707del 
 p.Glu236ThrfsTer6 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R049 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.712_715del 
 p.Lys238AlafsTer100 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R050 
 missense_variant 
 c.878A>G 
 p.Tyr293Cys 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R051 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.334dup 
 p.Ala112GlyfsTer33 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R052 
 stop_gained 
 c.2365C>T 
 p.Arg789Ter 
 De novo 
  
 Multiplex 
 GEN926R053 
 splice_site_variant 
 c.1744-2del 
  
 Familial 
 Maternal 
  
 GEN926R054 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1050_1051del 
 p.Thr351LysfsTer4 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R055 
 stop_gained 
 c.1714C>T 
 p.Arg572Ter 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R056 
 stop_gained 
 c.1681C>T 
 p.Gln561Ter 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R057 
 stop_gained 
 c.1852C>T 
 p.Gln618Ter 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R058 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1756_1757insGT 
 p.Val586GlyfsTer2 
 Unknown 
 Not maternal 
  
 GEN926R059 
 stop_gained 
 c.575C>A 
 p.Ser192Ter 
 De novo 
  
 Unknown 
 GEN926R060 
 splice_site_variant 
 c.1615-1G>A 
  
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R061 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1755_1756insCCTCT 
 p.Ala586ProfsTer22 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R062 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.16delinsATT 
 p.Val6IlefsTer4 
 Familial 
 Paternal 
  
 GEN926R063 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.2299_2302del 
 p.Asn767GlufsTer66 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R064 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1868dup 
 p.Glu624ArgfsTer24 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R065 
 splice_region_variant 
 c.2425-3C>A 
  
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R066 
 stop_gained 
 c.1681C>T 
 p.Gln561Ter 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R067 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.16delinsATT 
 p.Val6IlefsTer4 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R068 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1624del 
 p.Gln542SerfsTer45 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R069 
 inframe_deletion 
 c.2140_2142del 
 p.Arg714del 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R070 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.253dup 
 p.Glu85GlyfsTer60 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R071 
 stop_gained 
 c.817C>T 
 p.Gln273Ter 
 De novo 
  
 Multiplex 
 GEN926R072 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.401_402del 
 p.Asp134GlyfsTer10 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R073 
 inframe_deletion 
 c.815_820del 
 p.Thr273_Tyr274del 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R074 
 missense_variant 
 c.1142A>G 
 p.Tyr381Cys 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R075 
 inframe_indel 
 c.914_916del 
 p.Arg305_Ala306delinsThr 
 Unknown 
 Not paternal 
  
 GEN926R076 
 inframe_deletion 
 c.29_30del 
 p.Lys10ThrfsTer17 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R077 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.149_156del 
 p.Arg50HisfsTer32 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R078 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.198del 
 p.Ala67LeufsTer40 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R079 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.324_328del 
 p.Glu109ArgfsTer34 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R080 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.547_560del 
 p.Ala183GlnfsTer36 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R081 
 missense_variant 
 c.1435G>A 
 p.Val479Ile 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R082 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1863del 
 p.Phe621LeufsTer6 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R083 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1957del 
 p.Glu653LysfsTer162 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R084 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.2304_2305del 
 p.Gly769GlufsTer83 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R085 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.2319_2320del 
 p.Gly774TrpfsTer78 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R086 
 missense_variant 
 c.325G>C 
 p.Glu109Gln 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R087 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1846_1847insCA 
 p.Arg616ThrfsTer9 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R088 
 stop_gained 
 c.481C>T 
 p.Gln161Ter 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R089 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.596dup 
 p.Pro200AlafsTer24 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R090 
 stop_gained 
 c.1171_1172TG[1] 
 p.Cys391_Glu392delinsTer 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R091 
 missense_variant 
 c.1368A>C 
 p.Glu456Asp 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R092 
 missense_variant 
 c.1516C>T 
 p.Pro506Ser 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R093 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1812dup 
 p.Val605CysfsTer7 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R094 
 inframe_deletion 
 c.1865_1867del 
 p.Glu622del 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R095 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.2085dup 
 p.Gly696TrpfsTer6 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R096 
 missense_variant 
 c.2199G>T 
 p.Arg733Ser 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R097 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.2299_2302del 
 p.Asn767GlufsTer66 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R098 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.2247_2248del 
 p.Gly750GlufsTer83 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R099 
 missense_variant 
 c.2408A>G 
 p.Asn803Ser 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R100 
 splice_site_variant 
 c.2425-2A>G 
  
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R101 
 intron_variant 
 c.878-9T>G 
  
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R102 
 stop_gained 
 c.508C>T 
 p.Gln170Ter 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R103 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.2213_2214del 
 p.Pro738ArgfsTer7 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R104 
 missense_variant 
 c.893A>G 
 p.His298Arg 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R105 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1561dup 
 p.Ala521GlyfsTer4 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R106 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.2304_2305del 
 p.Gly769GlufsTer83 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R107 
 splice_site_variant 
 c.2425-2A>G 
  
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R108 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.673_674del 
 p.Arg225GlyfsTer3 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R109 
 loss_of_function_variant 
  
  
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R110 
 loss_of_function_variant 
  
  
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R111 
 loss_of_function_variant 
  
  
 De novo 
  
 Unknown 
 GEN926R112 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1665_1666del 
 p.Leu556AlafsTer12 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R113 
 missense_variant 
 c.1834G>A 
 p.Asp612Asn 
 Unknown 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R114 
 copy_number_loss 
  
  
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R115 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.742dup 
 p.Arg248LysfsTer12 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R116 
 splice_region_variant 
 c.804-9_804-6del 
  
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R117 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1243del 
 p.Asp415MetfsTer3 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R118 
 missense_variant 
 c.1169A>C 
 p.Asn390Thr 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R119 
 missense_variant 
 c.2219G>C 
 p.Gly740Ala 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R120 
 missense_variant 
 c.1142A>G 
 p.Tyr381Cys 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R121 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.906_907del 
 p.Asp304SerfsTer33 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R122 
 copy_number_loss 
  
  
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R123 
 copy_number_loss 
  
  
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R124 
 copy_number_loss 
  
  
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R125 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.2072del 
 p.Asn691IlefsTer143 
 Unknown 
 Not maternal 
  
 GEN926R126 
 inframe_deletion 
 c.1720_1722del 
 p.Lys574del 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R127 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.1569dup 
 p.Lys524Ter 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R128 
 stop_gained 
 c.2365C>T 
 p.Arg789Ter 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN926R129 
 complex_structural_alteration 
  
  
 Unknown 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN926R130 
 stop_gained 
 c.1450C>T 
 p.Arg484Ter 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R131 
 frameshift_variant 
 c.2093dup 
 p.Asn698LysfsTer4 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN926R132 
 splice_site_variant 
 c.2425-2A>G 
  
 Unknown 
  
  
Chromosome
CNV Locus
CNV Type
# of studies
Animal Model
1
Duplication
 49
 
1
Duplication
 1
 
1
Duplication
 3
 
1
Duplication
 1
 
1
Deletion
 2
 
1
Deletion
 2
 
1
Duplication
 1
 
1
Duplication
 12
 
1
Deletion-Duplication
 59
 

Model Summary

Mice with conditional Hnrnpu loss exhibit smaller cortices, as well as abnormal protein expression and alternative splicing of several genes associated with cell survival, cell motility, and synapse formation. Deletion of both alleles of Tp53 ameliorated cortical loss in Hnrnpu mutated embryonic brains, as well as ameliorated radial neuronal migration defects.Deletion of Hnrnpu also resulted in embryonic lethality and embryos displayed clear abnormalities at E6.5 and most were resorbed by E10.5.

References

Type
Title
Author, Year
Additional
Hypomorphic mutation in hnRNP U results in post-implantation lethality
Primary
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (HNRNPU) safeguards the developing mouse cortex
Model Type: Genetic
Model Genotype: Homozygous
Mutation: The mutation induced by insertion of the U3Neo gene trap retrovirus into an intron of the gene encoding heterogeneous ribonuclear protein U (Hnrnpu).
Allele Type: Knockout
Strain of Origin: 129S2/SvPas
Genetic Background: C57BL/6
ES Cell Line: D3H
Mutant ES Cell Line:
Model Source: Earl Ruley Lab
Category
Entity
Quantity
Experimental Paradigm
Age at Testing
Mortality/lethality: embryonic1
Increased
 General observations
 unreported
Embryonic morphology1
Decreased
 Histology
 E3.5-E10.5
Embryonic morphology1
Decreased
 Macroscopic analysis
 E3.5-E10.5
Targeted expression1
Decreased
 Northern blot
 unreported
 Not Reported:

 

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