Three de novo loss-of-function (LoF) variants in the DSCAM gene were identified in ASD probands from the Simons Simplex Collection in Iossifov et al., 2014 (PMID 25363768), while a fourth de novo LoF variant in this gene was identified in one ASD proband from 2,270 trios screened by the Autism Sequencing Consortium in De Rubeis et al., 2014 (PMID 25363760). Two additional de novo LoF variants were identified in Chinese ASD probands from the Autism Clinical and Genetic Resources in China (ACGC) cohort in Wang et al., 2016 (PMID 27824329). Transmission and de novo association (TADA) analyses in Sanders et al., 2015 and Satterstrom et al., 2020 identified DSCAM as a candidate gene with a false discovery rate (FDR) 0.01. An intronic SNP in the DSCAM gene was found to associate with ASD in a GWAS meta-analysis of 7387 ASD cases and 8567 controls with a P-value < 1.0E-04 (Autism Spectrum Disorders Working Group of The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium 2017). A two-stage analysis of rare de novo and inherited coding variants in 42,607 ASD cases, including 35,130 new cases from the SPARK cohort, in Zhou et al., 2022 identified DSCAM as a gene reaching study-wide significance based on 5,754 constraint genes (P < 8.69E-06).
Molecular Function
This gene is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules (Ig-CAMs), and is involved in human central and peripheral nervous system development. This gene is a candidate for Down syndrome and congenital heart disease (DSCHD)
External Links
References
Type
Title
Type of Disorder
Associated Disorders
Author, Year
Primary
The contribution of de novo coding mutations to autism spectrum disorder
Model Type:
Genetic
Model Genotype:
Homozygous
Mutation:
Mice with a targeted deletion of exon1 of Dscam generated by crossing transgenic mice with a floxed Dscam exon1 and a neomycin phosphotrasferase selector to CAG-Cre deleter mice, to achieve knockout in widespread cells in the offspring including developing embryos. Homozygotes were generated by crosing heterozygotes.
Allele Type: Targeted
Strain of Origin: 129SVJ
Genetic Background: C57BL/6*BALB/c
ES Cell Line: 129SVJ-derived
Mutant ES Cell Line: 129SVJ-derived
Model Source:
Model Type:
Genetic
Model Genotype:
Homozygous
Mutation:
Mice with a targeted deletion of exon1 of Dscam generated by crossing transgenic mice with a floxed Dscam exon1 and a neomycin phosphotrasferase selector to CAG-Cre deleter mice, to achieve knockout in widespread cells in the offspring including developing embryos. Homozygotes were generated by crosing heterozygotes.
Allele Type: Targeted
Strain of Origin: 129SVJ
Genetic Background: C57BL/6
ES Cell Line: 129SVJ-derived
Mutant ES Cell Line: 129SVJ-derived
Model Source:
Model Type:
Genetic
Model Genotype:
Heterozygous
Mutation:
Mice with a targeted deletion of exon1 of Dscam generated by crossing transgenic mice with a floxed Dscam exon1 to CAG-Cre deleter mice and a neomycin phosphotrasferase selector, to achieve knockout in widespread cells in the offspring including developing embryos. Exon 1 of Dscam contains the 5'UTR, the first Met, and the N-terminal signaling sequence.
Allele Type: Targeted
Strain of Origin: 129SVJ
Genetic Background: C57BL/6*BALB/c
ES Cell Line: 129SVJ-derived
Mutant ES Cell Line: 129SVJ-derived
Model Source:
Model Type:
Genetic
Model Genotype:
Heterozygous
Mutation:
Mice with a targeted deletion of exon1 of Dscam generated by crossing transgenic mice with a floxed Dscam exon1 to CAG-Cre deleter mice and a neomycin phosphotrasferase selector, to achieve knockout in widespread cells in the offspring including developing embryos. Exon 1 of Dscam contains the 5'UTR, the first Met, and the N-terminal signaling sequence.
Allele Type: Targeted
Strain of Origin: 129SVJ
Genetic Background: C57BL/6
ES Cell Line: 129SVJ-derived
Mutant ES Cell Line: 129SVJ-derived
Model Source:
Model Type:
Genetic
Model Genotype:
Homozygous
Mutation:
Dscam mutant mice harbor a homozygous 38 bp frameshift spontaneous deletion in exon17 of the Dscam gene that results in a truncated protein at the second FNIII domain and carry the Mito-Y transgene that labels neuronal mitochondria (PMID 19945391) and.
Allele Type: Targeted
Strain of Origin: C57BL/6
Genetic Background: C57/BALB
ES Cell Line: Not specified
Mutant ES Cell Line: Not specified
Model Source: Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME)
Model Type:
Genetic
Model Genotype:
Homozygous
Mutation:
Double mutant transgenic mice carrying the Mito-Y transgene that labels neuronal mitochondria, harboring a homozygous 38 bp frameshift deletion in exon 17 of the Dscam gene that results in a truncated protein at the second FNIII domain and carrying a homozygous genetrap mutation in the Dscaml1 gene.
Allele Type: Targeted
Strain of Origin: C57BL/6
Genetic Background: C57/BALB
ES Cell Line: Not specified
Mutant ES Cell Line: Not specified
Model Source: Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME)
Model Type:
Genetic
Model Genotype:
Heterozygous
Mutation:
Dscam mutant mice carry the Mito-Y transgene that labels neuronal mitochondria (PMID 19945391) and harbor a heterozygous 38 bp frameshift spontaneous deletion in exon 17 of the Dscam gene that results in a truncated protein at the second FNIII domain.
Allele Type: Targeted
Strain of Origin: C57BL/6
Genetic Background: C57/BALB
ES Cell Line: Not specified
Mutant ES Cell Line: Not specified
Model Source: Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME)
Model Type:
Genetic
Model Genotype:
Homozygous
Mutation:
The original Dscam mutation in these mice was a spontaneous mutation, arising in Balb/cJ mice. It is a 38 bp deletion in exon 17 of Dscam and was identified using linkage in F2 mice with polymorphic markers and positional cloning. The deletion results in a loss-of-function allele of Dscam, caused by a frame shift resulting in a premature stop codon.
Allele Type: Spontaneous mutation
Strain of Origin: BALB/cByJ
Genetic Background: DBA/2* others
ES Cell Line: Mutant ES Cell Line: Model Source: JAX
Model Type:
Genetic
Model Genotype:
Homozygous
Mutation:
The Dscam del17 mice in the DBA/2 background were crossed with mice expressing YFP in layer V pyramidal neurons of the motor and somatosensory cortex.
Allele Type: Transgenic (marker) B6*DBA/2
Strain of Origin: Genetic Background: ES Cell Line: Mutant ES Cell Line: Model Source: JAX
Model Type:
Genetic
Model Genotype:
Homozygous
Mutation:
Mice harboring a spontaneous homozygous Dscam allele with a four base pair duplication in exon 19, leading to a frameshift and truncation of the open reading frame.
Allele Type: Targeted
Strain of Origin: C3H*HeDiSn
Genetic Background: C3H*HeDiSn
ES Cell Line: Not specified
Mutant ES Cell Line: Not specified
Model Source: Not specified
Model Type:
Genetic
Model Genotype:
Homozygous
Mutation:
Dscam gain of function mice express a dual fluorescent Cre reporter and conditional Dscam gain-of-function transgene, expressing red fluorescence in widespread cells/tissues prior to Cre recombinase exposure, with Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule overexpression and green fluorescence in Cre recombinase expressing cells. Dscam gain-of-function mice over-express the floxed Dscam transgene and GFP reporter in retinal neurons and Muller glia in the lateral retina and a subset of amacrine cells in a dorsoventral wedge under the Pax6-Cre mice driver.
Allele Type: Targeted
Strain of Origin: Not specified
Genetic Background: Not specified
ES Cell Line: Not specified
Mutant ES Cell Line: Not specified
Model Source: Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME). Stock number: 025543.
Model Type:
Genetic
Model Genotype:
Homozygous
Mutation:
The first loxp was inserted between exon 1 and 2. The second loxp was inserted after the last exon (exon 33). Crossed to NEX-cre mice for knockout in in pyramidal neurons of the neocortex and hippocampus.
Allele Type: conditional knockout
Strain of Origin: Genetic Background: C57Bl/6
ES Cell Line: Mutant ES Cell Line: Model Source: Yu-Qiang Ding
Model Type:
Genetic
Model Genotype:
Homozygous
Mutation:
The first loxp was inserted between exon 1 and 2. The second loxp was inserted after the last exon (exon 33). Crossed to GFAP-cre transgenic mice (JAX) for neural progenitor cells E13.5 knockout in forebrain neurons and astrocytes.
Allele Type: conditional knockout
Strain of Origin: Genetic Background: C57Bl/6
ES Cell Line: Mutant ES Cell Line: Model Source: Jane Y. Wu
Description: Mutants show irregular and slow c4 ventral root recordings including increased frequency of low-amplitude c4 activities representing apnea, compared to controls. phenotypes are milder than in pure c57bl/6 background. ventilatory response to hypercapnia is not apparent, compared to controls. mutants retain neuronal activity in the pre-i respiratory rhythm generation center, as in controls.
Exp Paradigm: Respiration related neuronal activation corresponding to the inspiration rhythm was monitored at the c4/c5 ventral root, synchronous with phrenic nerve discharge and contraction of the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles in medulla-spinal cord preparations. measurements were made through a glass capillary suction electrode and a high-pass filter with a 0.3 s time constant. mean burst activity over a period of 35 min was calculated. optical recordings of respiratory neuron activity was done using a voltage-sensitive dye.
Description: Mutants show irregular respiration, frequent apneic episodes, and no change in ventilatory response (measured in respiratory frequency) to hypercapnia compared to controls. severity is milder than in mice on pure c57bl/6 genetic background. mutants died upon continuous exposure to hypercapnia, compared to controls, with decreased respiratory amplitude.
Exp Paradigm: Co2 response was examined by replacing the airflow through the plethysmograph with 8% co2/92% o2 for 2 min. respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute volume, and respiratory depth were calculated for 50 70 respiratory cycles during rest.
Description: Mutants show an absence of dscam transcript in the extracellular, transmembrane and cytoplasmic fractions of the brain, compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Southern blot
Description: Mutants show an absence of dscam transcript in the extracellular, transmembrane and cytoplasmic fractions of the brain, compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Northern blot
Description: Mutants show increased size of the medulla, including the inferior olive, although the size of the cerebrum is not changed, compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Measurements were made on ventral view images.
Description: Mutants show increased number of neurons and neurofilaments in the medulla, compared to controls. cell density remained the same as medullary volume was increased in mutants.
Exp Paradigm: Cell counts were made on serial coronal sections. smi311 is a pan-neuronal nonphosphorylated neurofilament marker.
Description: Mutants show irregular and slow c4 ventral root recordings including continuous low-amplitude c4 activities representing apnea, compared to controls. mutants show intact neuronal activity of the respiratory rhythm generator, insp (pre-botzinger complex containing inspiratory neurons) during the inspiratory phase, compared to controls. mutants show weak synchronous insp neuronal activities and the neurons showing synchronous pre-i neuronal activities were not observed in pfrg (parafacial respiratory group), compared to controls. mutants show tonic facial nerve activity with no synchronicity to c4 activity whereas wildtype controls show regular and phasic facial nerve activity approximately synchronized with c4 inspiratory activity.
Exp Paradigm: Respiration related neuronal activation corresponding to the inspiration rhythm was monitored at the c4/c5 ventral root, synchronous with phrenic nerve discharge and contraction of the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles in medulla-spinal cord preparations. measurements were made through a glass capillary suction electrode and a high-pass filter with a 0.3 s time constant. mean burst activity over a period of 35 min was calculated. frequency of apnea was defined as lack of large c4 inspiratory activities for greater than 15 s. for optical imaging of respiratory neuron activity the brainstem preparation was stained with di-2-anepeq voltage sensitive dye for 30 min.
Description: Mutants showed absence of membrane potential trajectory of the pre-i neuron activity in the pfrg respiratory rhythm generator during the pre-inspiratory phase compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Membrane potentials of inspiratory neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla were recorded using conventional whole-cell patch-clamp methods. membrane potentials were recorded with a current- and voltage-clamp amplifier after compensation of the series resistance and capacitance.
Description: Mutants show irregular respiration, frequent apneic episodes, and lower ventilatory response (measured in respiratory frequency) to hypercapnia compared to controls. mutants died upon continuous exposure to hypercapnia, compared to controls, with decreased respiratory amplitude.
Exp Paradigm: Co2 response was examined by replacing the airflow through the plethysmograph with 8% co2/92% o2 for 2 min. respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute volume, and respiratory depth were calculated for 50 70 respiratory cycles during rest.
Description: Mutants show irregular c4 ventral root recordings compared to controls. ventilatory response to hypercapnia is not apparent, compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Respiration related neuronal activation corresponding to the inspiration rhythm was monitored at the c4/c5 ventral root, synchronous with phrenic nerve discharge and contraction of the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles. measurements were made through a glass capillary suction electrode and a high-pass filter with a 0.3 s time constant. mean burst activity over a period of 35 min was calculated. optical recordings of respiratory neuron activity was done using a voltage-sensitive dye.
Description: Heterozygous mutants show mild to moderate abnormality in respiration compared to controls. heterozygous mutants show increased expiration in the ventilatory response to hypercapnia compared to wildtype controls.
Exp Paradigm: NA
Description: Heterozygous mutant mothers delivered later than control mothers. delayed birth led mothers to kill pups. pups of delayed birth were therefore delivered by caesarean section and the mother sacrificed at birth.
Exp Paradigm: NA
Description: Mutants show decreased dscam transcript in the extracellular, transmembrane and cytoplasmic fractions, compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Northern blot
Description: Mutants show decreased dscam transcript in the extracellular, transmembrane and cytoplasmic fractions, compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Southern blot
Description: Mutants showed decreased membrane potential trajectory of the pre-i neuron activity in the pfrg respiratory rhythm generator during the pre-inspiratory phase compared to controls. mutants show intact insp (pre-botzinger complex containing inspiratory neuronal activities) during the inspiratory phase, compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Membrane potentials of inspiratory neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla were recorded using conventional whole-cell patch-clamp methods.-whole-cell patch clamp
Description: Mutants showed decreased membrane potential trajectory of the pre-i neuron activity in the pfrg respiratory rhythm generator during the pre-inspiratory phase compared to controls. mutants show intact insp (pre-botzinger complex containing inspiratory neuronal activities) during the inspiratory phase, compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Membrane potentials of inspiratory neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla were recorded using conventional whole-cell patch-clamp methods.- histology
Description: Mutants show irregular and slow c4 ventral root recordings compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Respiration related neuronal activation corresponding to the inspiration rhythm was monitored at the c4/c5 ventral root, synchronous with phrenic nerve discharge and contraction of the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles. measurements were made through a glass capillary suction electrode and a high-pass filter with a 0.3 s time constant. mean burst activity over a period of 35 min was calculated. optical recordings of respiratory neuron activity was done using a voltage-sensitive dye.
Description: Mutants show irregular respiration, frequent apneic episodes, and increased expiration in ventilatory response to hypercapnia compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Co2 response was examined by replacing the airflow through the plethysmograph with 8% co2/92% o2 for 2 min. respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute volume, and respiratory depth were calculated for 50 70 respiratory cycles during rest.
Description: Mutants show reduced motor coordination and balance compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Duration of running time and speed of rotarod at the time of fall are measured.
Description: Mutants show abnormal gait by walking on their toes with tetanic hind limbs bent back and down-curved tails, compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Gait is assessed by observation of paw placement and body posture during locomotion.
Description: Mutant mice show reduced motor learning compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Duration of running time between the first and eighth trials were compared.
Dendritic architecture: dendritic tree complexity3
Decreased
Description: Mutants show decreased complexity and numbers of filopodia in retinal ganglion cells growth cones in the optic tract compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: NA
Description: Mutants show an increase in the size and number of retinal ganglion cell axon bundles in the ipsilateral and contralateral optic tracts from the eye to the optic chiasma compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Anterograde dii labeling was used to label ipsilateral axonal tracts.
Description: Mutants show increase in lateral ventricular size compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Ventricular volume and ratio of ventricular size to brain volume was measured after crystal violet staining.
Description: Mutants show decreased thickness of the corpus callossum and commissural fibers at different rostrocaudal levels compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Sections at different positions along the rostrocaudal axis were measured: at the cingulate/retrosplenial regions, at the motor cortex and at the sensory cortex.
Description: Mutants show decreased thickness of the cortical mantle and stretched internal capsule fibers at different rostrocaudal levels compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Sections at different positions along the rostrocaudal axis were measured: at the cingulate/retrosplenial regions, at the motor cortex and at the sensory cortex.
Morphology and size of the optic tract: thalamic extension3
Decreased
Description: Mutants show a decrease in the number of axons extending from the optic chiasma to the dorsal thalamus, a decrease in the length of the tract and a decrease in the number of retinal ganglion cell axons in the tract, compared to controls. the number of rgc axons in the ipsilateral dorsal thalamus was decreased but not affected in the contralateral dorsal thalamus until e16.5. mutants show normal ssea-1 positive neurons posterior to the chiasm and the rc-2 positive radial glial cells compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Dii labeling was used to label thalamic projections from the optic chiasma toward the thalamus. retrograde labeling was used to detect the number of rgcs reaching the thalamus.
Description: Mutant shows decreased b wave in the erg recording compared to wildtype.
Exp Paradigm: Recorded from the corneal surface of one eye after pupil dilation.
Description: Mutant rod bipolar cells show varicosities in the axons, unlike controls.
Exp Paradigm: Chx10 antibody was used to label rod bipolar cells.
Morphology of the retina: retinal ganglion layer organization1
Abnormal
Description: Mutants show aggregation of bright m1 iprgcs and dim m2 iprgcs in the retina compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Melanopsin was used to detect intrinsically photoresponsive ganglion cells
Description: Mutant mito-y positive retinal ganglion cells aggregate and fasciculate in the retina losing their normal mosaic pattern in the retinal ganglion layer, unlike those in controls. mutant retinal ganglion cells show no change in cell specification or cell-type identity compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: NA
Description: Mutants show cofasciculation of dopaminergic cell neurites and m1 iprgc dendrites, unlike controls.
Exp Paradigm: Tyrosine hydroxylase was used to detect dopaminergic neurons.
Description: Mutants show increase in the number of retinal ganglion cells in the retina compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Brn3a was used to detect retinal ganglion cells.
Description: Mutants show developmental delay compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Dome-shaped head, small ears, closed eyes and ability to walk are qualitatively assessed.
Description: Mutants show an increase in the number of retinal ganglion cells compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Phospho-histone-h3 was used to detect mitotic cells in the retinal ganglion layer and neuroblastic layer.
Description: Mutants show abnormal retinal fasciculation compared to controls. in mutants iprgc dendrites are fasciculated in the on portion of the ipl, while dopaminergic amacrine neurites are fasciculated in the off portion of the ipl proximal to the inl and colamination is highly disorganized.
Exp Paradigm: Melanopsin was used to detect intrinsically photoresponsive ganglion cells. th was used to detect dopaminergic cells.
Description: Mutants show reduced motor coordination and balance compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Duration of running time and speed of rotarod at the time of fall are measured.
Description: Mutants show an increase in the size and number of retinal ganglion cell axon bundles in the ipsilateral and contralateral optic tracts from the eye to the optic chiasma compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Anterograde dii labeling was used to label ipsilateral axonal tracts.
Morphology and size of the optic tract: thalamic extension3
Decreased
Description: Mutants show a decrease in the number of axons extending from the optic chiasma to the dorsal thalamus, compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Dii labeling was used to label thalamic projections from the optic chiasma toward the thalamus. retrograde labeling was used to detect the number of rgcs reaching the thalamus.
Description: Mutant mito-y positive retinal ganglion cells aggregate and fasciculate in the retina losing their normal mosaic pattern in the retinal ganglion layer, unlike those in controls.
Exp Paradigm: NA
Description: The mean apical dendrite branch length was reduced by 15% in p10 dscam null mice compared to wt littermate controls. the total length of basal dendritic branch length (but not total apical dendritic branch length) was also reduced in dscam null mice.
Exp Paradigm: NA
Description: The number of apical dendrite branches in layer v pyramidal neurons is increased in dscam null mice compared to wt littermate controls
Exp Paradigm: NA
Description: Dscam null mice have significantly increased brain size, especially normalized to their reduced body size, compared to wild type littermate controls
Exp Paradigm: NA
Description: Dscam null mice have reduced body size compared to will type littermate controls that is apparent early postnataly and persists through adulthood
Exp Paradigm: NA
Description: The spontaneous mutation in exon 17 causes an almost complete lack of the dscam protein from the cortex of homozygous del17 mice
Exp Paradigm: NA
Description: Dscam null/ thy1 yfp+ve mice show an overall reduction in length of spines, with decrease in the number of long (mature) spines and increase in the number of short (immature) spines with corresponding changes in other indicators for immature spines (smaller spine heads between 0.2 - 0.4 microns were increased in number in mutants compared to wt littermate controls, while larger spine heads between 0.4-0.6 microns were decreased in number). these differences were less obvious in p21, but were again recapitulated in adult p42 mice.
Exp Paradigm: NA
Dendritic architecture: dendritic tree complexity1
Increased
Description: Dscam null/thy1yfp+ve mice showed 14% increase in spine density at p15 when the yfp expression inlayer v pyramidal neurons was first determined to be robust
Exp Paradigm: NA
Morphology and size of the optic tract: thalamic extension1
Decreased
Description: Mutants show a decrease in the number of axons extending from the optic chiasma to the dorsal thalamus, a decrease in the length of the tract and a decrease in the number of retinal ganglion cell axons in the tract, compared to controls. the number of rgc axons in the ipsilateral dorsal thalamus was decreased but not affected in the contralateral dorsal thalamus until e16.5.
Exp Paradigm: Dii labeling was used to label thalamic projections from the optic chiasma toward the thalamus. retrograde labeling was used to detect the number of rgcs reaching the thalamus.
Description: Mutants show an increase in the size and number of retinal ganglion cell axon bundles in the ipsilateral and contralateral optic tracts from the eye to the optic chiasma compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Anterograde dii labeling was used to label ipsilateral axonal tracts.
Morphology and size of the optic tract: thalamic extension1
Increased
Description: Mutants show longer ipsilateral optic tracts from the optic tract to the thalamus with a larger number of retinal ganglion cell axon bundles within the ipsilateral dorsal thalamus, compared to controls. mutants show no change in contralateral optic tract length or the number of retinal ganglion cell axon bundles in the contralateral dorsal thalamus, compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm: Anterograde dii labeling of all axons from one eye was performed.
Description: NEX-Dscam f/f mice spent less time in the novel mouse chamber than in the familiar mouse chamber and did not differentiate between the chambers in terms of sniffing duration
Description: NEX-Dscam f/f mice displayed reduced latency to reach target and greater numbers of correct pokes; escape latency and number of errors were similar in both genotypes
Description: densities of total and mature spines but not immature spines in L2/3 were greater in GFAP-Dscam f/f mice than in control mice at P42; densities of total, mature, and immature spines in L5 were greater in GFAP-Dscam f/f mice than in control mice at P42
Description: GFAP-Dscam f/f mice spent less time in the novel mouse chamber than in the familiar mouse chamber and did not differentiate between the chambers in terms of sniffing duration
Description: GFAP-Dscam f/f mice displayed reduced latency to reach target and greater numbers of correct pokes; escape latency and number of errors were similar in both genotypes
