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Relevance to Autism

Neural microexons, many of which are regulated by the neuronal-specific splicing factor nSR100/SRRM4, were found to be frequently dysregulated in the brains of individuals with ASD; this dysregulation was associated with reduced levels of nSR100 (Irimia et al., 2014). nSR100/Srrm4 haploinsufficiency in mice resulted in misregulated splicing patterns, autistic features such as sensory hypersensitivity and altered social behavior, and impaired synaptic transmission and excitability (Quesnel-Vallieres et al., 2016).

Molecular Function

SRRM4 promotes alternative splicing and inclusion of neural-specific exons in target mRNAs. This splicing factor is specifically required for neural cell differentiation.

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References

Type
Title
Type of Disorder
Associated Disorders
Author, Year
Primary
A highly conserved program of neuronal microexons is misregulated in autistic brains.
ASD
Support
A global regulatory mechanism for activating an exon network required for neurogenesis.
Support
Cross-regulation between an alternative splicing activator and a transcription repressor controls neurogenesis.
Support
Integrating de novo and inherited variants in 42
ASD
Support
Large-scale discovery of novel genetic causes of developmental disorders.
Unknown diagnosis
Recent Recommendation
Misregulation of an Activity-Dependent Splicing Network as a Common Mechanism Underlying Autism Spectrum Disorders.
Variant ID
Variant Type
Allele Change
Residue Change
Inheritance Pattern
Inheritance Association
Family Type
Author, Year
 GEN671R001 
 missense_variant 
 c.217G>A 
 p.Gly73Ser 
 De novo 
  
 Unknown 
 GEN671R002 
 splice_region_variant 
 c.515+6T>C 
  
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN671R003 
 missense_variant 
 c.1640G>A 
 p.Arg547His 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
Chromosome
CNV Locus
CNV Type
# of studies
Animal Model
12
Duplication
 1
 
12
Duplication
 3
 
12
Deletion-Duplication
 5
 
12
Duplication
 1
 

Model Summary

nSR100/SRRM4 haplo-insufficient mice with reduced levels of the neuronal splicing regulator protein (SRRM4) and decreased levels of the components of its target splicing program display neurodevelopmental defects and altered synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, social behaviors, synaptic density and signaling, in a sexually dimorphic manner.

References

Type
Title
Author, Year
Primary
Misregulation of an Activity-Dependent Splicing Network as a Common Mechanism Underlying Autism Spectrum Disorders.
Model Type: Genetic
Model Genotype: Homozygous
Mutation: Mice harboring a homozygous frameshift deletion mutation spanning exons 7 and 8 of the SRRM4 gene.
Allele Type: Targeted
Strain of Origin: C57BL/6
Genetic Background: C57BL/6
ES Cell Line: Unreported
Mutant ES Cell Line: Unreported
Model Source: Unreported
Category
Entity
Quantity
Experimental Paradigm
Age at Testing
Gene expression: alternative splicing1
Abnormal
 Rna sequencing
 E16.5, e18.5
Targeted expression1
Decreased
 Western blot
 E18.5
Targeted expression1
Decreased
 Quantitative pcr (qrt-pcr)
 E18.5
 Not Reported: Circadian sleep/wake cycle, Communications, Developmental profile, Emotion, Immune response, Learning & memory, Maternal behavior, Motor phenotype, Neuroanatomy / ultrastructure / cytoarchitecture, Neurophysiology, Physiological parameters, Repetitive behavior, Seizure, Sensory, Social behavior


Interactor Symbol Interactor Name Interactor Organism Entrez ID Uniprot ID Interaction Type Evidence Reference
Ahi1 Abelson helper integration site 1 52906 Q8K3E5 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Ank2 ankyrin 2, brain 109676 Q8C8R3 in vivo splicing assay
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Ap2a1 adaptor protein complex AP-2, alpha 1 subunit 11771 P17426 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Arvcf armadillo repeat gene deleted in velo-cardio-facial syndrome 11877 P98203 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Asph aspartate-beta-hydroxylase 65973 Q8BSY0 CLIP; RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP)/qRT-PCR
Calarco JA , et al. 2009
Clasp1 CLIP associating protein 1 76707 Q80TV8 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR; in vivo splicing assay
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Clta clathrin, light polypeptide (Lca) 12757 O08585 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR; in vivo splicing assay
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Daam1 dishevelled associated activator of morphogenesis 1 208846 Q8BPM0 CLIP; RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP)/qRT-PCR
Calarco JA , et al. 2009
Dctn2 dynactin 2 69654 Q99KJ8 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Dock4 dedicator of cytokinesis 4 238130 P59764 CLIP; RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP)/qRT-PCR
Calarco JA , et al. 2009
Dync2h1 dynein cytoplasmic 2 heavy chain 1 110350 Q45VK7 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Elmo2 engulfment and cell motility 2, ced-12 homolog (C. elegans) 140579 Q8BHL5 CLIP; RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP)/qRT-PCR
Calarco JA , et al. 2009
Hook2 hook homolog 2 (Drosophila) 170833 Q7TMK6 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Itsn1 intersectin 1 (SH3 domain protein 1A) 16443 Q9Z0R4 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Mef2a myocyte enhancer factor 2A 17258 Q60929 in vivo splicing assay
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Mon2 MON2 homolog (yeast) 67074 Q80TL7 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Nbea neurobeachin 26422 Q9EPN1 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Neo1 neogenin 18007 Q7TQG5 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Nrxn2 neurexin II 18190 E9Q7X7 in vivo splicing assay
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Ppfia2 protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, f polypeptide (PTPRF), interacting protein (liprin), alpha 2 327814 Q8BSS9 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Pus7 pseudouridylate synthase 7 homolog (S. cerevisiae) 78697 B7ZNL8 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Rapgef6 Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 6 192786 B2RUJ6 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
REST RE1-silencing transcription factor 5978 Q13127 CLIP; RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP)/qRT-PCR; ChIP-chip
Raj B , et al. 2011
Rest RE1-silencing transcription factor 19712 Q8VIG1 in vivo splicing assay
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Shank1 SH3/ankyrin domain gene 1 243961 D3YZU1 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Slit2 slit homolog 2 (Drosophila) 20563 Q9R1B9 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Synj1 synaptojanin 1 104015 Q8CHC4 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR; in vivo splicing assay
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Taf1 TAF1 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor 270627 Q80UV9 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Tnrc6a trinucleotide repeat containing 6a 233833 Q3UHK8 in vivo splicing assay
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Unc13b unc-13 homolog B (C. elegans) 22249 Q9Z1N9 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Vav2 vav 2 oncogene 22325 Q60992 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Vps13c vacuolar protein sorting 13C (yeast) 320528 Q8BX70 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Zfyve27 zinc finger, FYVE domain containing 27 319740 Q3TXX3 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015
Zmynd8 zinc finger, MYND-type containing 8 228880 Q3U1M7 RNA-Seq; qRT-PCR
Quesnel-Vallires M , et al. 2015

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