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Relevance to Autism

Rare variants in the SLC9A9 gene have been identified with autism in the HMCA cohort (Morrow et al., 2008). In addition, rare variants in SLC9A9 have been identified with ADHD and genetic association has been found with age of onset of ADHD.

Molecular Function

enzyme involved in pH regulation

External Links

        

References

Type
Title
Type of Disorder
Associated Disorders
Author, Year
Primary
Identifying autism loci and genes by tracing recent shared ancestry.
ASD
Support
Genes for endosomal NHE6 and NHE9 are misregulated in autism brains.
ASD
Support
Mutational Landscape of Autism Spectrum Disorder Brain Tissue
ASD
Support
SLC gene mutations and pediatric neurological disorders: diverse clinical phenotypes in a Saudi Arabian population
ASD, ADHD, DD
Support
Effect of disease-associated SLC9A9 mutations on protein-protein interaction networks: implications for molecular mechanisms for ADHD and autism.
ASD, ADHD
Support
A mouse model of autism implicates endosome pH in the regulation of presynaptic calcium entry.
Support
ASD
DD, ID
Support
SLC9A9 Co-expression modules in autism-associated brain regions.
Support
Exonic deletion of SLC9A9 in autism with epilepsy.
ASD, epilepsy
Support
Integrating de novo and inherited variants in 42
ASD
Highly Cited
Disruption of a novel member of a sodium/hydrogen exchanger family and DOCK3 is associated with an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-like ph...
ADHD
ID
Recent Recommendation
Cell surface levels of organellar Na? exchanger isoform 6 are regulated by interaction with RACK1.
Recent Recommendation
Vestibular hair bundles control pH with (Na, K)/H exchangers NHE6 and NHE9.
Recent Recommendation
Functional evaluation of autism-associated mutations in NHE9.
ASD
Recent Recommendation
Haplotype structure enables prioritization of common markers and candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder.
Recent Recommendation
Genome-wide association scan of the time to onset of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
ADHD
Variant ID
Variant Type
Allele Change
Residue Change
Inheritance Pattern
Inheritance Association
Family Type
Author, Year
 GEN238R001 
 inversion 
  
  
 Familial 
  
 Multiplex 
 GEN238R002 
 stop_gained 
 c.1267C>T 
 p.Arg423Ter 
 Familial 
 Maternal 
 Multiplex 
 GEN238R003 
 missense_variant 
 c.349C>A 
 p.Pro117Thr 
 Unknown 
  
 Unknown 
 GEN238R004 
 missense_variant 
 c.526G>A 
 p.Val176Ile 
 Unknown 
  
 Unknown 
 GEN238R005 
 missense_variant 
 c.707T>C 
 p.Leu236Ser 
 Unknown 
  
 Unknown 
 GEN238R006 
 splice_site_variant 
 c.992-2A>G 
 p.? 
 Unknown 
  
 Unknown 
 GEN238R007 
 missense_variant 
 c.1485G>A 
 p.Leu495= 
 Unknown 
  
 Unknown 
 GEN238R008 
 splice_site_variant 
 A>G 
  
 Unknown 
  
 Unknown 
 GEN238R009 
 missense_variant 
 c.1824C>A 
 p.Asp608Glu 
 Unknown 
  
 Unknown 
 GEN238R010a 
 copy_number_loss 
  
  
 Familial 
 Both parents 
 Simplex 
 GEN238R011 
 missense_variant 
 c.1312T>C 
 p.Ser438Pro 
 Unknown 
  
 Unknown 
 GEN238R012 
 copy_number_loss 
  
  
 Familial 
 Paternal 
 Multi-generational 
 GEN238R013 
 missense_variant 
 c.1195G>A 
 p.Gly399Arg 
 De novo 
  
  
 GEN238R014 
 synonymous_variant 
 c.171G>T 
 p.Val57%3D 
 Unknown 
  
  
 GEN238R015 
 synonymous_variant 
 c.63G>C 
 p.Ala21%3D 
 De novo 
  
 Simplex 
 GEN238R016 
 stop_gained 
 c.1267C>T 
 p.Arg423Ter 
 Familial 
 Maternal 
 Multiplex 
 GEN238R017 
 missense_variant 
 c.1583T>C 
 p.Met528Thr 
 Unknown 
  
 Multiplex 
Chromosome
CNV Locus
CNV Type
# of studies
Animal Model
3
Deletion
 1
 
3
Duplication
 1
 
3
Deletion
 1
 
3
Deletion-Duplication
 13
 
3
Duplication
 3
 

Model Summary

SLC9A9 deficient mice exhibit impaired social recognition but not social interaction, increased repetitive behaviors, and altered sensory processing together with hyperacidic endosomes, a cell-autonomous defect in glutamate receptor expression and impaired neurotransmitter release due to a defect in presynaptic Ca2+ entry. Acute inhibition of synaptic vesicle acidification rescues neurotransmitter release in SLC9A9 deficient mice.

References

Type
Title
Author, Year
Primary
A mouse model of autism implicates endosome pH in the regulation of presynaptic calcium entry.
Model Type: Genetic
Model Genotype: Homozygous
Mutation: Conditional deletion of exon 5 of the Slc9a9 gene using Nestin-cre, in neurons and glia of the central and peripheral nervous system
Allele Type: Conditional loss-of-function
Strain of Origin: C57Bl/6Tn
Genetic Background: C57Bl/6
ES Cell Line: JM8A3.N1 embryonic stem (ES) cells (derived from C57Bl/6)
Mutant ES Cell Line:
Model Source:
Category
Entity
Quantity
Experimental Paradigm
Age at Testing
Repetitive digging1
Increased
 Marble-burying test
 Adult
Seizures1
Increased
 General observations
 Not reported
Olfaction1
Abnormal
 Olfactory discrimination test
 Adult
Juvenile play1
Decreased
 Home cage behavior
 3 weeks
Allogrooming1
Decreased
 Home cage behavior
 Adult
Social memory1
Decreased
 Social recognition test
 Adult
Allogrooming1
Decreased
 Home cage behavior
 3 weeks
Social interaction: with juveniles1
Decreased
 Home cage behavior
 3 weeks
Size/growth1
Decreased
 Body weight measurement
 4-6 months
Targeted expression1
Decreased
 Western blot
 Not reported
Targeted expression1
Decreased
 Quantitative pcr (qrt-pcr)
 Not reported
Mortality/lethality1
 No change
 Survival analysis
 Not reported
Anxiety1
 No change
 Elevated plus maze test
 Not reported
Anxiety1
 No change
 Open field test
 Not reported
Exploratory activity1
 No change
 Novel object recognition test
 Not reported
Response to novelty1
 No change
 Novel object recognition test
 Not reported
General locomotor activity1
 No change
 Cliff avoidance test
 Not reported
General locomotor activity: ambulatory activity1
 No change
 Open field test
 Not reported
Hyperactivity1
 No change
 Cliff avoidance test
 Not reported
Motor coordination and balance1
 No change
 Accelerating rotarod test
 Not reported
Olfaction1
 No change
 Buried food test
 Adult
Pain or nociception: thermal1
 No change
 Hot plate test
 Adult
Social approach1
 No change
 Three-chamber social approach test
 Adult
 Not Reported: Circadian sleep/wake cycle, Communications, Immune response, Learning & memory, Maternal behavior, Neuroanatomy / ultrastructure / cytoarchitecture, Neurophysiology, Physiological parameters


Interactor Symbol Interactor Name Interactor Organism Entrez ID Uniprot ID Interaction Type Evidence Reference
CHP calcineurin-like EF-hand protein 1 64152 P61023 IP; WB
Zhang-James Y , et al. 2011
GNB2L1 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 2-like 1 10399 P63244 Y2H; Affinity chromatography; IP/WB
Ohgaki R , et al. 2007
RACK1 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 2 like 1 83427 P63245 IP; WB
Zhang-James Y , et al. 2011

RACK1
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