Individuals with microdeletions at this locus have an increased risk for a wide range of clinical features, including autism. The CHRNA7 gene within the 15q13.3 locus may be clinically relevant in ASD pathogenesis.
Probands with childhood onset schizophrenia screened for 46 well-documented neurodevelopmental risk CNVs
126
Diagnosis of childhood onset schizophrenia (based on meeting DSM-IIR/DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia with onset of psychosis before age of 13 years); medical or neurological disorders, or IQ under 70, were exclusionary criteria.
Bangladeshi NDD probands who underwent chromosomal microarray testing to identify CNVs from 2017 to 2020.
212
Individuals presented with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), ADHD, developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), and/or epilepsy/seizures, among other neurodevelopmental phenotypes; 95 individuals were diagnosed with ASD using DSM-V, ADOS, or ADOS-2.
ASD cases screened for 15q13.3 CNVs from 133 families recruited at the Stella Maris Clinical Research Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry (Calambrone, Pisa, Italy)
102 patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) or epilepsy with other neurodevelopmental disorders
102
Primary diagnosis of epilepsy. 50 cases with isolated epilepsy, 52 cases with epilepsy accompanied by DD/ID, dysmorphism, autism, or other neurological signs.
Patients with 15q13.3 duplications referred to Pediatric Neurology and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Departments.
5
All five cases diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder according to DSM-5 criteria (diagnosis confirmed by ADOS for three patients and ADI-R for two patients); developmental delay/intellectual disability was also observed in all five individuals.
Patients recruited from the Children's Mental Health Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan and Department of Psychiatry, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Kuei-Shan, Taiwan.
335
All cases met the clinical diagnosis of autistic disorder as defined by DSM-IV; diagnosis was confirmed by interviewing parents using the Chinese version of ADI-R, and all cases received further clincial evaluation according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ASD. Intelligence was measured using the Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-3rd Edition (WISC-III), or the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Autistic-like social deficits were assessed using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS); symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and oppositional behavior were assessed using the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Quest
Consecutive patients enrolled at National Cheng Kung University Hospital (Tainan, Taiwan) from Feb 2018 to Dec 2019
61
Cases presented with moderate or severe developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID); autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was diagnosed in 15 cases (24.6%) based on DSM-V criteria.
Patient, born to healthy non-consanguineous parents with no family history of ID, referred at 18 months of age for marked psychomotor and developmental delay; patient carries balanced de novo triple translocation t(11;17;19)(q13.3;q25.1;q13.42)dn with breakpoint disrupting the SHANK2 gene.
1
Severe DD/ID, language impairment, behavioral abnormalities
Idiopathic ASD patients from 310 families (263 simplex and 47 multiplex) recruited at the Service for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital in Rome (Italy) and at the Interdepartmental Program Autism 090 of the G. Martino University Hospital (Messina, Italy) between the years 2012 and 2019.
329
Clinical diagnosis of ASD based on fulfilling DSM-5 criteria and confirmed using ADOS-2 and ADI-R.
Consecutive cases examined in the Medical Genetics Unit at the "Citta della Salte e della Scienza" University Hospital (Turin, Italy) from 2008 to 2014 (cases with CNVs are present in DECIPHER database)
1015
Cases diagnosed with idiopathic developmental delay and/or intellectual disability (DD/ID)
Individuals who had a Neurodevelopmental Reflex (NDR) panel ordered through Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) from January 2018 to April 2019.
511
Common clinical indications for patients in this cohort included autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental delay(DD), speech delay, intellectual disability (ID), gross motor delay, mixed receptive-expressive language disorder, epilepsy (EP), and/or dysmorphic features.
ASD probands from Austria (71 simplex, 2 multiplex) recruited from the catchment area of Styria using three recruitment sites (Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Club Libelle, Center for Autism, Styria, and Children's Hospital, University Hospital Graz).
73
Diagnosis of ASD made using ADOS and ADI-R according to DSM-IV or DSM-V categories
Children recruited through all 24 regional genetics services of the UK National Health Service and Republic of Ireland as part of the Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study
1133
Cases affected by severe, undiagnosed developmental disorders; most common phenotypes include developmental delay, intellectual disability, specific learning disability, autism, seizures, microcephaly, and dysmorphic features.
Participants recruited between 2010 and 2014 and identified through medical genetics, learning disability, and pediatric neurology clinics around Wales
80
All cases presented with childhood-onset epilepsy (25 with epileptic encephalopathy, 22 with non-lesional focal epilepsies, 22 with genetic generalized epilepsy with ID, 11 unclassified or unknown) and developmental delay (DD) or intellectual disability (ID)
ASD-affected individuals referred to the Children Development and Behavior Research Center (CDRBC) at Harbin Medical University, China, between January 2007 and June 2011.
104
Diagnosis of ASD made using Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)
Sporadic Iranian ASD cases with no family history of ASD
50
Cases met DSM-5 criteria for ASD as diagnosed by pediatric neurologists specializing in autism; case also had intellectual disability with one or more additional clinical features
18 patients from 17 families evaluated by providers at Texas Children's Hospital and tested by clinical chromosomal microarray (CMA) by the Baylor Genetics Laboratory (BGL) or Signature Genomic Laboratory for CHRNA7 duplications
18
7/17 cases met criteira for ASD based on clinical impression; 11/18 cases presented with ADHD. Cognitive and behavioral testing included the Differential Ability Scales, Second Edition (DAS-II), the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2), the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II), and the Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2).
ASD cases with sporadic autism from the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC)
336
Diagnosis of ASD based on meeting criteria on ADOS, ADI-R, and expert clinical judgment. 246 cases with no intellectual disability, 90 cases with intellectual disability. Exclusion criteria: significant hearing, vision, or motor problems; significant birth complications; a diagnosis of ASD-related disorders, such as Fragile X; or having a relative (up to 3rd degree) with ASD or sibling showing ASD-related symptoms.
1979 simplex cases from the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC), 579 multiplex cases from AGRE.
2588
Diagnosis of ASD based on meeting criteria on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and on the Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised (ADI-R)
Children with autism ascertained from the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment (CHARGE) study conducted through the Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute at UC-Davis after passing QC criteria (274 initial cases)
243
Diagnosis of autism confirmed by ADOS and ADI-R. Exclusion criteria: children with developmental delay but lacking symptoms and autism, as well as children with ASD as defined by the CHARGE protocol
Individuals living in the Trakya region of Turkey with a pre-diagnosis of ASD who were referred to the Trakya University Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department between January 2015-December 2015
53
All cases were diagnosed with ASD according to DSM-V and were further assessed using the Childhood Autism Rating Scales (CARS); 14 cases were comorbid with intellectual disability, 16 cases were comorbid with ADHD (assessed by the Conners Parent Rating Scale-Revised Short/CPRS-RS)
Patients with 16q24.2 deletions recruited at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Signature Genomic Laboratories, and the Mayo Clinic).
35
22 patients with ASD (19 with pervasive developmental delay/PDD, 3 with autism), 3 patients with intellectual disability (defined as IQ<70 by DSM-IV); 11 patients with facial dysmorphisms.
Probands with ASD or unexplained developmental delay/intellectual disability with or without other congenital anomalies from Shandong province in Northern China who were referred for genetic services from January 2014 to December 2018.
410
151 cases diagnosed with ASD (DSM-5 criteria, ADOS-2, confirmed by CARS score > 30) and 259 patients diagnosed with developmental delay/intellectual disability (DSM-5 criteria, confirmed by Gesell developmental scale DQ score < 75 and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised with IQ<70).
Cohort of 114 Thai ASD probands (68 retrospective ASD cases with the use of chromosomal microarray/CMA as a second line test; 46 prospective ASD and developmental delay cases with the use of CMA as the first-tier test)
114
68 cases with non-syndromic ASD (61 of which also presented with intellectual disability) were diagnosed with ASD based on meeting DSM-IV criteria for ASD, whereas an additional 46 prospective ASD and DD cases were given a clinical diagnosis of ASD based on DSM-5 criteria.
Patients receiving a diagnosis of ASD in the Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, that were included consecutively from January 2019 to December 2020.
573
Cases met criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using DSM-5 criteria.
Probands from quad families ascertained as part of the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC); CNVs detected using data from four previously published exome sequencing studies (O'Roak et al., 2011; Iossifov et al., 2012; O'Roak et al., 2012; Sanders et al., 2012)
411
Diagnosis of ASD. Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) used as a quantitative measure of social deficits
ASD cases recruited by the PARIS (Paris Autism Research International Sibpair) study at specialized centers disposed in France, Sweden, Germany, Finland, and the UK.
260
171 cases with autism, 20 cases with atypical autism, 69 cases with Asperger syndrome (ADOS and either ADI-R or DISCO-10 used for diagnosis). 79 cases with IQ>70, 133 cases with IQ<70, 48 cases with unknown IQ.
Dataset featuring ASD patients from the Autism Genome Project carrying de novo SHANK2 deletions previously identified by Pinto et al. 2010. CNV validation information taken from Pinto report.
2
1 patient diagnosed with autism, 1 patient diagnosed with PDD-NOS.
ASD cases from 19 Italian ASD multiplex families with either two (N=16) or three (N=3) autistic children
41
Cases were assessed with ADOS and ADI-R, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, and either the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC), Griffith Mental Developmental Scales, Colored Raven Matrices, or Leiter International Performance Scale.
Individuals referred for postnatal genetic testing across 10 different sites, including 64,114 subjects with neurodevelopmental disorders, from Alberta Children's Hospital, BBGRE, Boston Children's Hospital, Credit Valley Hospital, the Hospital for Sick Children, Italian diagnostic laboratories, The Mayo Clinic, Odense University Hospital, Signature Genomics, and The Centre for Applied Genomics
Patient cohort composed of 1158 Canadian ASD patients, 72 Austrian ASD patients, 450 Canadian schizophrenia patients, and a clinical dataset of 3704 individuals with primary diagnosis of ASD and/or seizure disorder referred for clinical microarray testing at the Mayo Clinic cytogenetics laboratory.
5384
ASD (n=1230), schizophrenia (n=450), and ASD and/or seizure disorder (n=3704). Canadian and Austrian ASD patients met criteria for ASD diagnosis based on ADI-R and/or ADOS.
Patients with ASD whose electronic medical records (EMRs) were queried from April 1, 2015 through March 31, 2020 and who had at least one genetic testing result documented in their chart; study completed at the Children's Neurodevelopmental Center, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI.
523
Cases diagnosed with ASD (ICD-10 code F.84), with the majority of diagnoses made using the ADOS-2 followed by CARS.
Adults with 15q13.3 deletions; one case from a cohort of 459 adults with schizophrenia (case 1); two adult probands from a collection of 11,150 clinical samples submitted for clinical microarray at the Hospital for Sick Children (cases 5 and 7); and a sample submitted to the Hospital for Sick Children for parental testing following the birth of an affected child (case 6).
4
All four cases present with some degree of developmental delay/intellectual disability or learning disability. Additional diagnoses/phenotypes include schizophrenia (n=1), epilepsy (n=1), ADHD (n=1), major depression (n=2), and anxiety (n=2).
Patients evaluated at the Clinical Genetics Unit of Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia that were investigated through aCGH between 2005 and 2016
293
Cases presented with one or more neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), and/or dysmorphic features. Most frequent neurodevelopmental diagnoses include language delay (78.5%), intellectual disability (66.4%), motor delay (50.7%), and ASD (13.9%); dysmorphic features were also frequently observed (52.7%)
Patients from a total of 15 non-profit organizations and university centers located in different states of Brazil who were enrolled between July 2021 and June 2022 and referred with unexplained neurodevelopmental delay/intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and/or multiple congenital anomalies.
1363
"95% of individuals in this cohort reported with the HPO phenotype ""Abnormality of the nervous system"" (HP:0000707); the HPO phenotypes ""Intellectual disability"" (HP:0001249; 36%), ""Global developmental delay"" (HP:0001263; 32%), and ""Autism"" (HP:0000717; 28%) were the most frequently reported phenotype subcategories within this subset of individuals."
8-year-old male proband with a maternally-inherited 15q13.3 duplication from a family with an unaffected mother with self-reported traits of depression and anxiety disorder and ADHD and an affected brother with pervasive developmental delay, depression and anxiety disorder, developmental delay, nonverbal communication problems, speech/language delay, ADHD, autistic traits, and mood disorder who al
1
Proband diagnosed with ASD, ADHD, depression and anxiety disorder and presented with developmental delay.
Three affected brothers from a family with Tourette syndrome and comorbidities
3
Diagnosis of Tourette syndrome (TS) based on DSM-IV-TR criteria in all three cases; two cases with additional diagnoses of OCD, one case with additional diagnosis of ADHD
Patients referred for clinical array CGH testing between January 2009 & December 2010 for various neurodevelopmental phenotypes (Univ. of Alabama-Birmingham)
ASD cases ascertained at the "Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Celulas Tronco" (CEGH-Cel), IB-USP, for CNVs affecting 15q13.3, 16p11.2, and 22q13.33 regions
531
ASD cases without (N=453) or with epilepsy (N=78). Diagnosis of ASD according to DSM-IV crtieria by psychiatrists from Institutio de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas-Universidade de Sao Paulo (IPq-USP); whenever possible, an interview based on ADI-R and CARS was applied. Diagnosis of epilepsy based on occurrence of at least two unprovoked seizure episodes occurring more than 24 hours apart.
Patients from the Developmental Gene Anatomy Project at Harvard Medical School (DGAP), the Developmental Gene Discovery Project at Georgia Health Sciences University (DGDP), the National Institute of General Medical Sciences Human Genetic Cell Repository (NIGMS), the Signature Genomic Laboratories Genoglyphix Chromosome Aberration Database, and DECIPHER
57365
Predominant cohort diagnosis of developmental delay/intellectual disability and/or mulitple congenital anomalies (MCA); 5 cases with additional diagnosis of autism/ASD
ASD probands from simplex and multiplex families collected as part of stage 2 of the Autism Genome Project (AGP) after quality control (1,604 before QC)
Unrelated ASD cases recruited from three Canadian sites (Hospital for Sick Children, McMaster University, and Memorial University of Newfoundland); the majority of cases had been previously genotyped with results published in Marshall et al., 2008 and Pinto et al., 2010. 20 cases from initial cohort of 696 were excluded from further analysis (due to CNVs > 5 Mb).
676
Diagnosis of ASD based on meeting criteria on ADI-R and/or ADOS
Galician (NW Spain) patients recruited from the Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela and referred to the Fundacion Publica Galega de Medicina Xenomica for genetic study
573
All participants had a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic intellectual disability (ID) or global developmental delay (DD) with or without another medical condition [e.g. autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, dysmorphic features, and/or congenital anomalies]
Individuals with severe congenital brain malformations [agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), cerebellar hypoplasia (CBLH), and/or polymicrogyria (PMG)] and additional neurodevelopmental phenotypes
487
Diagnosis of agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), cerebellar hypoplasia (CBLH), and/or polymicrogyria (PMG); additional diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID) and/or seizures in some patients
Unrelated patients from Croatia referred to the Department of Medical Genetics and Reproductive Health, Children's Hospital Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine
337
Cases diagnosed by clinical geneticists or pediatricians to have developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID), ASD, congenital anomalies, or a combination of those features
Affected family members in three generations affected with various neuropsychiatric phenotypes and cognitive impairment
4
Two twin brothers (III-2 and III-3) diagnosed with PDD-NOS, anxiety disorder, dysthymia, and borderline intellectual functioning; their mother (II-3) with a history of developmental delay and diagnosed with bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, attention deficit disorder, learning disability, and seizures; and their maternal grandfather (I-1), whose clinical information was significant for alcoholism, drug addiction, and abusive behaviors to family members.
Affected individuals from 100 twin pairs (69 monozygotic, 31 dizygotic), corresponding to 97 families, that were enriched for neurodevelopmental disorders from the Roots of Autism and ADHD Study in Sweden (RATSS)
100 twin pairs
Diagnoses based on DSM-5 criteria following evaluation using standard diagnostic tools [a psychosocial and anamnestic interview, the Autism Diagnosis Interview-Revised (ADI-R), the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Second Edition (ADOS-2), the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS), or the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults (DIVA)]; Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children or Adults, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) or the Leiter-revised scales in combination with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Third Edition, and the parent-based Adaptive Behavior Assessment Scale, 2nd Edition (ABAS-2) were also used to evaluate adaptive, cognitive, and verbal abilities an
Patients evaluated for global developmental delay and/or intellectual disability in pediatric, child neurology, or medical genetics departments throughout Romania who were referred to the Regional Centre for Medical Genetics for genetic testing between 2015 and 2022.
371
All cases presented with global developmental delay (DD) and/or intellectual disability (ID); a subset of cases also presented with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Individuals with BPD from Belgium, individuals with BPD originating from a geographically isolated population of the County of Vasterbotten (Northern Sweden), and Northwestern European individuals with BPD contacted through inpatient and outpatient services of hospitals in Aberdeen and Edinbergh, Scotland.
676
Bipolar disorder (BPD). Final diagnosis based on meeting DSM-IV criteria.
Individuals with SCZ from Belgium, individuals with SCZ originating from a geographically isolated population of the County of Vasterbotten (Northern Sweden), and Northwestern European individuals with SCZ contacted through inpatient and outpatient services of hospitals in Aberdeen and Edinbergh, Scotland.
1281
Schizophrenia (SCZ). Final diagnosis based on meeting DSM-IV criteria.
ASD patients from 132 simplex and 13 multiplex families of Polish descent
145
Diagnosis of ASD based on ICD-10 standards and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) protocol. 45 cases with additional diagnosis of developmental delay /intellectual disability.
Patients referred to the Duke Autism Genetics Clinic for clinical genetic evaluation of ASD and DD/ID from 2010-2014
115
66 cases with confirmed primary diagnosis of ASD (DSM-IV, DSM-5, ADOS, and ADI-R used to support ASD diagnosis), 49 cases with primary diagnosis of DD or ID (based on IQ and DQ scores).
Discovery cohort of ASD cases recruited from the Department of Psychiatry of National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CGMH), Taoyuan, and Taoyuan Mental Hospital (TMH), Taiwan.
335
Cases diagnosed with autistic disorder according to DSM-IV and confirmed by using the Chinese version of ADI-R. Cases' autistic behaviors assessed by Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and cognitive functions assessed by the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III) and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST).
Patients with 15q13.3 microdeletions spanning at least BP4-BP5 identified retrospectively by review of CMA results performed in the Baylor Medical Genetics Laboratory or Signature Genomics Laboratories (prior to its closure in 2014).
18
Original reasons for referral of cases included developmental delay (DD; n=5), intellectual disability (ID; n=9), ADHD (n=4), ASD (n=3), and depression (n=2). Cognitive and behavioral testing involved usage of the Differential Ability Scales-II; the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R); the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2); the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II); and the Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2).
Full siblings of probands without diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorder (19 full siblings from original cohort of 117 full siblings were excluded due to diagnoses of schizophrenia, autism, intellectual disability, or bipolar disorder)
Control individuals ascertained by NIMH Genetics Initiative. DNA samples from these individuals were obtained from the Rutgers Univ. Cell & DNA Repository.
337
Control. Individuals screened specifically for eight mental health disorders.
NIMH control cohort consisting of 207 DNA samples obtained from Rutgers Univ. Cell and DNA Repository, and 373 individuals from ClinSeq study of artherosclerotic disease
580
Control. Individuals from NIMH control cohort negative for DSM-IV criteria for major depression and history of bipolar disorder or psychosis.
Controls ascertained from the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment (CHARGE) study conducted through the Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute at UC-Davis after passing QC criteria (242 initial controls)
Microarray data from population-based control individuals [4783 controls from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC), 1123 PopGen controls from Germany, 1234 controls from the Ottawa Heart Institute, 1056 controls from HapMap, 1287 controls from SAGE, 1120 population controls from Ontario, and 416 controsl from the Ontario Population Genomics Platform]
Unrelated Finnish samples from the cohort of Health 2000 survey from an initial sample of 288 individuals following quality control
269
Controls screened for DSM-IV mental disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and psychotic disorders using the research version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV
Unaffected siblings of ASD probands from quad families ascertained as part of the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC); CNVs detected using data from four previously published exome sequencing studies (O'Roak et al., 2011; Iossifov et al., 2012; O'Roak et al., 2012; Sanders et al., 2012)
411
Control (unaffected siblings of ASD probands). Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) used as a quantitative measure of social deficits
Samples from 367 total control individuals (319 European American, 48 African American) used to test for differences in rare CNV prevalence compared with autism cases
123
Controls (no history of psychiatric symptoms by self-report)
PDx controls [1000 DNA samples from reportedly healthy donors (50.2% male) from BioServe (Beltsville, MD)] and 4139 in-house controls previously reported in Krawcak et al. 2006, Stewart et al. 2009, and Bierut et al. 2010. CNVs identified in controls were used to define rare ASD-specific CNVs.
Control individuals from Belgium, Sweden, and Scotland
1210
Control. Belgian controls were randomly selected from general population; Swedish controls were randomly selected from the Betula study, consisting of a large population-based sample representative of the general population; Scottish controls were Caucasian blood donors or volunteers in which a history of major psychiatric illness was excluded.
Control individuals from Belgium, Sweden, and Scotland
1210
Control. Belgian controls were randomly selected from general population; Swedish controls were randomly selected from the Betula study, consisting of a large population-based sample representative of the general population; Scottish controls were Caucasian blood donors or volunteers in which a history of major psychiatric illness was excluded.
Control individuals from Belgium, Sweden, and Scotland
1210
Control. Belgian controls were randomly selected from general population; Swedish controls were randomly selected from the Betula study, consisting of a large population-based sample representative of the general population; Scottish controls were Caucasian blood donors or volunteers in which a history of major psychiatric illness was excluded.
Control individuals from Belgium, Sweden, and Scotland
1210
Control. Belgian controls were randomly selected from general population; Swedish controls were randomly selected from the Betula study, consisting of a large population-based sample representative of the general population; Scottish controls were Caucasian blood donors or volunteers in which a history of major psychiatric illness was excluded.
Samples from blood donors at donation stations in Beijing, China (note: CNVs identified in controls not reported in this study)
512
Controls were screened for ASD by AQ measurement (score < 32) and self-reported to be negative for personal or family history of neurological disorders or psychiatric illness related to ASD and adverse pregnancy history
Roche NimbleGen custom targeted hotspot array comprised of 135,000 probes with higher density probe coverage in genomic hotspots (regions flanked by segmental duplications)
BlueFuse Multi v4.3, GenomeStudio Data Analysis v.2011.1
None
hoppman-chaney_12_CHRNA7_discovery_cases
NA
aCGH
Agilent 4x44 K or Agilent 4x180K
Agilent DNA Analytics V4.0
FISH
hu_22_ASD_discovery_cases
China
Targeted gene panel sequencing
Illumina HiSeq X10
CANOES, HMZDelFinder
PICNIC, AnnotSV
None
kamien_14_ASD_discovery_cases
N/A
aCGH
BlueGnome 60K ISCA array
BlueMulti v.26
None
kaminsky_11_DD/ID/ASD_discovery_cases
NA
aCGH
Agilent 44K, Agilent 105K
Feature Extraction, DNA Analytics
FISH, qPCR, MLPA, aCGH, standard G-banded chromosome analysis
krumm_13_ASD_discovery_cases
N/A
WES
Whole exome sequencing platforms used in four recent publications (O'Roak et al., 2011; Sanders et al., 2012; O'Roak et al., 2012, and Iossifov et al., 2012)
DNACopy, CGHCall
CoNIFER
None
krumm_15_ASD_discovery_cases
N/A
WES
CoNIFER, XHMM
Solid phase hybridization (Illumina 1M, 1 M Duo, or Omni 2.5)
Roche NimbleGen custom targeted hotspot array comprised of 135,000 probes with higher density probe coverage in genomic hotspots (regions flanked by segmental duplications)
DNA Copy Number v1.6
guo_17_ASD_discovery_controls
Chinese Han
Solid phase hybridization
Illumina 610K BeadChip
PennCNV
qPCR
handrigan_13_ASD/DD/ID_discovery_controls
NA
N/A
N/A
kaminsky_11_DD/ID/ASD_discovery_controls
NA
aCGH
Agilent 44K, Agilent 105K
Feature Extraction, DNA Analytics
kanduri_15_ASD_discovery_controls
Finnish
Solid phase hybridization
Illumina Infinium HD Human610-Quad BeadChip
QuantiSNP, PennCNV
Illumina BeadStudio
None
krumm_13_ASD_discovery_controls
N/A
WES
Whole exome sequencing platforms used in four recent publications (O'Roak et al., 2011; Sanders et al., 2012; O'Roak et al., 2012, and Iossifov et al., 2012)
DNACopy, CGHCall
CoNIFER
None
krumm_15_ASD_discovery_controls
N/A
WES
CoNIFER, XHMM
Solid phase hybridization (Illumina 1M, 1 M Duo, or Omni 2.5)
Developmental delay, speech delay, cyanosis apnea HIE-II. Growth parameters: height 1.02 m, weight 28 kg, head circumference 52 cm. Family history: born to non-consanguineous parents.
Excessive salivation, lack of self care, delayed development. Growth parameters: height 1.32 m, weight 29 kg, head circumference 52 cm. Family history: born to non-consanguineous parents.
Autism, regression of speech after 2 years. Growth parameters: height 0.95 m, weight 19 kg, head circumference 50 cm. Family history: no data on familial consanguinity.
Diagnosis of autism based on meeting ADI-R and ADOS criteria. Birth and neonatal history: no exposure of history of alcohol, tobacco, or drug abuse during pregnancy; born at term by C-section; birth weight of 3550 g (50th %ile) and length of 50 cm (50th %ile); breast-fed with good suction. Developmental milestones: sat unaided at age of 8 months, started walking independently at 16 months; babbling noted at age of 9 months, pronounced first words at 12 months; regression of language skills at age 18 months associated with refusal of physical contact, selective feeding, and hyperactivity. Language and communication evaluation: able to pronounce only single words with reduced gesture repertoire; limited comprehension. Epilepsy/seizures: developed complex partial seizures with secondary generalization at age of 13 years. EEG: reported to be normal at age of 5 years 5 months. Brain imaging: brain MRI reported to be normal. Dysmorphic features: bilateral epicanthal folds, broad-hypoplastic nasal bride, prominent digit pads. Growth parameters: weight of 26 kg (97th %ile), height of 114 cm (50th-75th %ile), and OFC of 55.5 cm (>90th %ile) at age of 5 years 5 months. Family history: only child of healthy non-consanguineous parents; paternal grandfather's sister affected by intellectual disability; paternal grandfather's brother had speech delay.
Age of onset of epilepsy: 3 years. Seizure types/epilepsy syndrome: juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) with absence seizures with eyelid myoclonia and generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS). Parental phenotype: unknown.
Birth/neonatal history: product of full term gestation delivered via repeat cesarian section; no complications with pregnancy or delivery. Developmental milestones: speech delay; first words around 1 year of age, speaking in multiple word phrases at age of 3 years. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: failed to engage socially with other children his age; inappropriately affectionate towards adults, even those he did not know; poor eye contact; repeatedly hugged examiner, but did not speak to the examiner or answer questions; no echolalia. Epilepsy/seizures: three reported seizures; first event described as a 5-minute generalized convulsion, patient found to be febrile and treated with antibiotics for sinusitis; second seizure (generalized convulsion) reportedly resolved after 2 minutes, but then recurred about 2 hours later and last approximately 5 minutes, patient again found to be febrile and was diagnosed with upper respiratory tract infection; third seizures (focal) occurred more than a year later, described as slumping to the right and shaking of right arm, lasting about 2 minutes. EEG: initial routine EEG showed rare right parietal sharp waves; subsequent monitoring with continuous EEG for 2 days demonstrated 3- to 4-Hz sharp wave and slow wave discharges independently over both hemispheres, right greater than left; no seizures were captured. Brain imaging: brain MRI significant for pachygyria and associated subcortical band heterotopia in the posterior frontal and temporal lobes and in the parietal and occipital lobes. Additional medical history: no significant medical history prior to presentation of symptoms. Family history: no family history of seizures, autism, mental retardation, or other neurologic impairments; parents declined genetic testing.
Moderate language delay, no seizures, ADHD; long digits, facial dysmorphisms, sleep problems; weight, height, and FOC within normal range. Sibling of non-ASD discovery case F8-2.
Moderate developmental delay, no ASD; moderate language delay, no seizures, head banging, digital findings, normal MRI; weight, height, & FOC within normal range
No ASD; moderate language delay, no seizures, impulsive, ADHD, mood disorder, long digits, facial dysmorphisms, sleep problems; weight, height, and FOC within normal range. Sibling of ASD discovery case F8-1.
ASD and developmental delay/intellectual disability
Case diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (according to DSM5 criteria; clinical diagnosis confirmed by either ADOS or ADI-R). Developmental milestones: severe speech delay (first words at 4 years 6 months, first sentences at 6 years); severe motor delay. Language and communication evaluation: dyslalia. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: hypotonia, inability to walk independently at 9 years, secondary left hemiparesis following surgical intervention in early childhood, impaired fine motor skills. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: aggressive behavior, low frustration threshold, stereotypic movements, poor social interaction skills. Epilepsy/seizures: none reported. EEG: EEG anomalies reported (focal discharges of spike-and-wave complexes and spikes). Brain imaging: brain MRI abnormalities reported (right temporal cyst). Dysmorphic features: none reported. Growth parameters: height, weight, and head circumference within normal range.
Variable evolution with mild developmental delay (DQ 51) at 26 months followed by a decrease in IQ (45 at 9 years) after neurosurgical intervention due to a large right temporal cyst.
ASD, developmental delay/intellectual disability, and epilepsy
Case diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (according to DSM5 criteria; clinical diagnosis confirmed by either ADOS or ADI-R). Developmental milestones: moderate speech delay (first words after 3 years); moderate motor delay. Language and communication evaluation: dyslalia. Motor and musucloskeletal evaluation: hypotonia, impaired fine motor skills. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: hyperkinesia, aggressive behavior, low frustration threshold, stereotypic movements, poor social interaction skills. Epilepsy/seizures: focal epileptic seizures. EEG: EEG anomalies reported (focal discharges of spike-and-wave complexes and spikes). Brain imaging: brain MRI abnormalities reported (Dandy-Walker malformation). Dysmorphic features: none reported. Growth parameters: height, weight, and head circumference within normal range.
ASD and developmental delay/intellectual disability
Case diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (according to DSM5 criteria; clinical diagnosis confirmed by either ADOS or ADI-R). Developmental milestones: moderate speech delay (no words at 2 years 4 months); mild motor delay. Motor and musucloskeletal evaluation: hypotonia, impaired fine motor skills. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: stereotypic movements, poor social interaction skills, sleep problems. Epilepsy/seizures: none reported. EEG: not available. Brain imaging: normal (no brain MRI abnormalities present). Dysmorphic features: none reported. Growth parameters: height, weight, and head circumference within normal range.
Case diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (according to DSM5 criteria; clinical diagnosis confirmed by either ADOS or ADI-R). Developmental milestones: moderate speech delay (first words after 3 years). Language and communication evaluation: dyslalia. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: hypotonia, impaired fine motor skills. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: hyperkinesia, poor social interaction skills. Epilepsy/seizures: none reported. EEG: not available. Brain imaging: not available. Dysmorphic features: none reported. Growth parameters: height, weight, and head circumference within normal range. Family history: affected sibling with 15q13.3 duplication (case 5 in this report).
Case diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (according to DSM5 criteria; clinical diagnosis confirmed by either ADOS or ADI-R). Developmental milestones: mild speech delay (first words at 15 months, first simple sentences at 2 years 7 months). Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: hypotonia, impaired fine motor skills. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: low frustration threshold, poor social interaction skills, anxiety disorder. Epilepsy/seizures: none reported. EEG: EEG anomalies reported (focal discharges of spike-and-wave complexes and spikes). Brain imaging: normal (no brain MRI abnormalities present). Dysmorphic features: none reported. Growth parameters: height, weight, and head circumference within normal range. Family history: affected sibling with 15q13.3 duplication (case 4 in this report).
Case met the clinical diagnosis of autistic disorder as defined by DSM-IV, which was confirmed by interviewing parents using the Chinese version of ADI-R; case also received further clincial evaluation according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ASD. ADI-R evaluation results: Qualitative abnormalities in reciprocal social interaction, current score 11 (past score 22); Qualitative abnormalities in verbal and nonverbal communication, current score 6 (past score 11); Qualitative abnormalities in nonverbal communication, current score 3 (past score 6); Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behaviour, current score 6 (past score 8); Abnormality of development evident at or before 36 months, past score 3. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) score 95; Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Questionnaire (SNAP-IV) score 41. Epilepsy: no history of epilepsy.
Performance IQ 105, Verbal IQ 114, Full-scale IQ 111
Case met the clinical diagnosis of autistic disorder as defined by DSM-IV, which was confirmed by interviewing parents using the Chinese version of ADI-R; case also received further clincial evaluation according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ASD. ADI-R evaluation results: Qualitative abnormalities in reciprocal social interaction, current score 0 (past score 8); Qualitative abnormalities in verbal and nonverbal communication, current score 2 (past score 10); Qualitative abnormalities in nonverbal communication, current score 0 (past score 5); Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behaviour, current score 5 (past score 6); Abnormality of development evident at or before 36 months, past score 2. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) score 71; Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Questionnaire (SNAP-IV) score 28. Epilepsy: no history of epilepsy.
Performance IQ 112, Verbal IQ 95, Full-scale IQ 103
Patient referred at 18 months for marked psychomotor and developmental delay. Karyotype: 46, XY, t(11;17;19)(q13.3;q25.1;q13.42)dn; translocation with breakpoints within the SHANK2 and UBE2O genes. Birth/neonatal history: duing pregnancy mother had cervical cancer (treated after birth), born at 39 weeks gestation by C-section; birth weight -0.23 SD, length -0.83 SD, OFC +0.7 SD; uneventful perinatal adaption; ventricular septal defect diagnosed at 2 months. Developmental milestones: psychomotor retardation noted at 1.5 years; sat independently at 8 months, began to walk with support at 2.5 years, independent walking at 3.5 years, not toilet trained at 5 years of age. Language and communication evaluation: no spoken language. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: ataxia, able to stand with support. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: anxious, exhibited habit disorder with stereotypic movements, decreased sensitivity to pain, often caused self-injury. EEG: increased irregular activity. Brain imaging: normal by ultrasound. Visual and auditory evaluation: normal. Sleep disturbances: serious sleeping disturbances. Other features: elevated alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and serum magnesium levels. Dysmorphic features: coarse face with facial dysmorphism, broad thorax, clinodactyly of 2nd and 3rd toes. Growth parameters: weight of 19.3 kg (+0.1 SD), length of 105 cm (-1.0 SD) and OFC of 51 cm (0 SD) at 5 years of age. Family history: second child of healthy non-consanguineous parents; no family history of miscarriages, ID, or alcohol exposure in utero.
Severe DD/ID. Evaluation at age of 1.5 years: Brunet-Lezine development test showed delay in movements, coordination, communication, and social skills; psychomotor development corresponded to 9 months, development quotient of 48; Bayley Scales of Infant Development gave Developmental Index score of 84.
Diagnosis: early infantile autism. Comorbidities/additional features: ADHD. Family history: sister with cognitive impairment. CNV: high stringency genic CNV call (2 or more algorithms, with no overlapping calls in 2,357 POPGEN and OHI controls, 100% overlap in DGV.
Case met DSM5 criteria for ASD and was diagnosed by pediatric neurologists specializing in autism. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: seizures. Growth parameters: mild microcephaly (head circumference -2 SD).
Case met or exceeded cutoff scores in all behavioral areas on ADI-R and met criteria for autism on ADOS (clinical impression of ASD). Original reason for referral: Central nervous system disorder. Developmental milestones: walking at 19 months, first word at 17 months, 2 word sentences at 47 months. Langauge and communication evaluation: language impairment. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: no hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: no seizures. Growth parameters: height 25th %ile, weight 10th %ile, OFC 90th %ile. Ethnicity: Caucasian. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, mother was bipolar as a teen and had challenges in high school; noncarrier parental phenotype, father has a history of depression and had challenges in high school.
ASD and developmental delay/intellectual disability
Case met or exceeded cutoff scores in all behavioral areas on ADI-R and met criteria for being on the autistic spectrum on ADOS (clinical impression of ASD). Original reason for referral: Moderate developmental delay/intellectual disability, dysmorphic features. Developmental milestones: sitting at 12 months, walking at 36 months. Langauge and communication evaluation: language impairment. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: no hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: no ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: no seizures. Growth parameters: height 50th %ile, weight 80th %ile, OFC 36th %ile. Ethnicity: Vietnamese. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, none; noncarrier parental phenotype, none.
Case met or exceeded cutoff scores in all behavioral areas on ADI-R but was classified as non-autism spectrum according to ADOS (clinical impression of no ASD). Original reason for referral: Developmental delay, behavioral problems. Developmental milestones: sitting at 10 months, crawling at 10 months, walking at 14 months, first word at 42 months, two word sentences at 60 months. Langauge and communication evaluation: no language impairment. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: no hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: one seizure at age of 8 months. Growth parameters: height 5th %ile, weight 1st %ile, OFC <1st %ile. Ethnicity: Caucasian. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, father has a history of schizophrenia, ADHD, and learnng disability; noncarrier parental phenotype, mother has a history of depression and anxiety; CHRNA7 duplication is present in 1/2 siblings presenting with unspecified neuropsychiatric conditions.
Case did not meet cutoff scores in all behavioral areas on ADI-R and was classified as non-autism spectrum according to ADOS (clinical impression of no ASD). Original reason for referral: Short stature, partial empty sella with small pituitary, ADHD, epilepsy. Developmental milestones: sitting at 5 months, crawling at 5 months, walking at 10 months, first word at 10 months, two word sentences of 18 months. Langauge and communication evaluation: no language impairment. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: no hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Growth parameters: height 1st %ile, weight 2nd %ile, OFC 2nd %ile. Ethnicity: Caucasian/Native American. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, N/A; noncarrier parental phenotype, N/A.
Case did not meet cutoff scores in all behavioral areas on ADI-R and was classified as non-autism spectrum according to ADOS (clinical impression of no ASD). Original reason for referral: Bipolar disorder, possible ADHD, behavioral problems, suicidal tendencies, prenatal exposure to teratogens, scoliosis, chromosomal abnormality. Developmental milestones: sitting at 5 months, crawling at 9 months, walking at 12 months, first word at 10 months, two word sentences at 12 months. Langauge and communication evaluation: no language impairment. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: no hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: no seizures. Growth parameters: height 50th %ile, weight 90th %ile, OFC N/A. Ethnicity: Caucasian. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, father has a history of bipolar disorder, PTSD, and substance abuse; noncarrier parental phenotype, mother has a history of anxiety.
Case met or exceeded cutoff scores in all behavioral areas on ADI-R and met criteria for being on the autistic spectrum on ADOS (clinical impression of ASD). Original reason for referral: Dysmorphic features. Developmental milestones: crawling at 11 months, walking at 17 months, two word sentences at 42 months. Langauge and communication evaluation: language impairment. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: no hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: no ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: no seizures. Growth parameters: height 67th %ile, weight 75th %ile, OFC 97th %ile. Ethnicity: Caucasian. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, mother has a history of depression; noncarrier parental phenotype, father has a history of depression and attention deficit disorder; unaffected sibling who tested negative for the CHRNA7 duplication.
Case met or exceeded cutoff scores in all behavioral areas on ADI-R but was classified as non-autism spectrum according to ADOS (clinical impression of no ASD). Original reason for referral: Developmental delay/intellectual disability, aortic dilatation. Developmental milestones: sitting at 7 months, crawling at 14 months, walking at 19 months, first word at 36 months, two word sentences at 42 months. Langauge and communication evaluation: no language impairment. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: no hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: no ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: no seizures. Growth parameters: height 20th %ile, weight 10th %ile, OFC 41st %ile. Ethnicity: Caucasian/Hispanic. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, father has a history of learning disabilities/intellectual disabilities; noncarrier parental phenotype, none.
Case did not meet cutoff scores in all behavioral areas on ADI-R and was classified as non-autism spectrum according to ADOS (clinical impression of no ASD). Original reason for referral: Dyslexia, anger control problems. Developmental milestones: sitting at 5 months, crawling at 6 months, walking at 12 months, first word at 14 months. Langauge and communication evaluation: language impairment. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: no hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: no ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: no seizures. Growth parameters: height 61st %ile, weight 93rd %ile, OFC 67th %ile. Ethnicity: Caucasian. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, none; noncarrier parental phenotype, none; affected sibling with CHRNA7 duplication (patient 5 in this report).
Case met or exceeded cutoff scores in all behavioral areas on ADI-R and met criteria for being on the autistic spectrum on ADOS (clinical impression of ASD). Original reason for referral: Developmental delay, macrocephaly. Developmental milestones: sitting at 7 months, crawling at 11 months, walking at 16 months, first word at 15 months, two word sentences at 36 months. Langauge and communication evaluation: language impairment. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: no seizures. Growth parameters: height 70th %ile, weight 70th %ile, OFC 99th %ile. Ethnicity: Hispanic. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, mother has a history of depression; noncarrier parental phenotype, father has a history of stutter and currently takes concerta.
Case did not meet cutoff scores in all behavioral areas on ADI-R and was classified as non-autism spectrum according to ADOS (clinical impression of no ASD). Original reason for referral: Encephalopathy. Developmental milestones: sitting at 5 months, walking at 9 months, first word at 24 months, two word sentences at 60 months. Langauge and communication evaluation: language impairment. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: no hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: no ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: no seizures. Growth parameters: height 25th %ile, weight 25th %ile, OFC 50th %ile. Ethnicity: Hispanic. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, mother has a history of depression; noncarrier parental phenotype, father has no phenotype.
Case met or exceeded cutoff scores in all behavioral areas on ADI-R and met criteria for being on the autistic spectrum on ADOS (clinical impression of ASD). Original reason for referral: Autism. Developmental milestones: sitting at 6.5 months, crawling at 8.5 months, walking at 13 months, first word at 10 months, two word sentences at 30 months. Langauge and communication evaluation: no language impairment. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: no hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: no seizures. Growth parameters: height 66.43th %ile, weight 67.85th %ile, OFC 70th %ile. Ethnicity: Caucasian/Hispanic. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, mother has a history of depression; noncarrier parental phenotype, father has a history of Asperger syndrome, ADHD, anxiety, and hypotonia.
Assessment by ADI-R and ADOS N/A (clinical impression of ASD N/A). Original reason for referral: Developmental delay. Developmental milestones: first word at 24 months. Langauge and communication evaluation: absent speech (non-verbal). Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: no ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: myoclonic epilepsy and infantile spasms. Growth parameters: N/A. Ethnicity: Caucasian. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, none; noncarrier parental phenotype, none; affected sibling with CHRNA7 duplication (patient 17 in this report).
Case did not meet cutoff scores in all behavioral areas on ADI-R and was classified as non-autism spectrum according to ADOS (clinical impression of no ASD). Original reason for referral: Developmental delay. Developmental milestones: sitting at 12 months, crawling at 12 months, walking at 36 months, first word at 42 months, two word sentences at 48 months. Langauge and communication evaluation: no language impairment. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: no ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: no seizures. Growth parameters: height 14.97th %ile, weight 38.7th %ile, OFC 45th %ile. Ethnicity: Hispanic. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, none; noncarrier parental phenotype, none.
Case did not meet cutoff scores in all behavioral areas on ADI-R but was classified as being on the autism spectrum according to ADOS (clinical impression of no ASD). Original reason for referral: Short stature, speech delay, dysmorphic features. Developmental milestones: N/A. Langauge and communication evaluation: language impairment. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: no hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: no ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: no seizures. Growth parameters: height 0.32th %ile, weight 3.03th %ile, OFC 5th %ile. Ethnicity: Hispanic. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, none; noncarrier parental phenotype, none.
Case met or exceeded cutoff scores in all behavioral areas on ADI-R but was classified as non-autism spectrum according to ADOS (clinical impression of no ASD). Original reason for referral: None. Developmental milestones: sitting at 10 months, crawling at 12 months, walking at 14 months, first word at 14 months, two word sentences at 36 months. Langauge and communication evaluation: language impairment. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: no ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: no seizures. Growth parameters: height 70th %ile, weight 20th %ile, OFC 55th %ile. Ethnicity: Caucasian. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, father has a history of dyslexia; noncarrier parental phenotype; none; CHRNA7 duplication is also present in a affected sibling (cognitive deficits).
Case met or exceeded cutoff scores in all behavioral areas on ADI-R but was classified as non-autism spectrum according to ADOS (clinical impression of ASD). Original reason for referral: None. Developmental milestones: sitting at 8 months, crawling at 10 months, walking at 15 months, first word at 13 months, two word sentences at 48 months. Langauge and communication evaluation: language impairment. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: no hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: ADHD. Epilepsy/seizures: no seizures. Growth parameters: height 84.17th %ile, weight 89.84th %ile, OFC 75th %ile. Ethnicity: Hispanic. Family history: carrier parental phenotype, none; noncarrier parental phenotype, none.
Diagnosis of ASD based on meeting criteria on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and on the Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised (ADI-R)
Diagnosis of ASD based on meeting criteria on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and on the Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised (ADI-R)
Diagnosis of ASD based on meeting criteria on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and on the Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised (ADI-R)
Diagnosis of ASD based on meeting criteria on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and on the Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised (ADI-R)
Diagnosis of ASD based on meeting criteria on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and on the Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised (ADI-R)
Autism spectrum disorder: autism. Behavioral problems: ADHD, aggression, hyperphagia. Seizures: Yes. Dysmorphic facial features: short & thick philtrum, full lips, everted upper & lower lips, mild retrognathia. Other features: abnormal hand movements, hypertrichosis on upper arms, bilateral single palmar creases, mildly tapered fingers, shirt 5th metacarpals, hypomelanotic macules, nystagmus, T2 hyperintensity in cerebral cortex. Family history: father with bipolar disorder; two half-siblings with ADHD, facial dysmorphism, and myopia; one half-sibling with strawberry hemangiona on arm (too young to evaluate psychiatric condition); all carry 15q13.3/CHRNA7 deletion.
Global developmental delay and cognitive disability
Autism spectrum disorder: NA. Behavioral problems: NA. Seizures: NA. Dysmorphic facial features: NA. Other features: failure to thrive. Family history: both parents with developmental delay.
Autism spectrum disorder: NA. Behavioral problems: NA. Seizures: NA. Dysmorphic facial features: none. Other features: feeding difficulties, central hypotonia, neutropenia. Family history: mother with anxiety and major depression.
Autism spectrum disorder: autism. Behavioral problems: NA. Seizures: NA. Dysmorphic facial features: macrocephaly. Other features: NA. Family history: father with dyslexia and ADHD.
Diagnosis of autistic disorder made using ADOS, ADI-R, and DSM-IV-TR criteria performed at age of 4 years, 6 months. Birth/neonatal history: born at 36 weeks gestation after uncomplicated pregnancy with no known exposures in utero; birth weight of 3.33 kg (AGA). Developmental milestones: concerns raised at age of 18 months for speech delay. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: anxiety and sensory issues. Other features: normal investigations including fragile X testing and urine metabolic screening. Dysmorphic features: relatively smooth philtrum. Growth parameters: height of 118 cm (97th %ile), weight of 15.0 kg (10th %ile), and head circumference of 51.0 cm (50th %ile) at age of 5 years. Family history: father (positive for 16p13.3/RBFOX1 deletion) with no medical conditions and no reported learning difficulties or social difficulties; maternal and paternal relatives reported ro have significant learning difficulties or ASD, but no testing data available.
Griffith's Developmental assessment at age of 5 years showed cognitive performance of approximately 4 years, 9 months (i.e. within lower end of average range of functioning).
ADI-R domain scores (at 11 yrs.): social, 24; communication, 23; behavior, 6. Birth/neonatal history: normal pregnancy and delivery, at term; height 48 cm, weight 2500 g, HC 31 cm; Apgar scores of 7 and 10; no mention of signs of hypotonia in first year. Developmental milestones: apparently normal motor acquisition, severe speech delay; age of sitting, 6 months; age of walking, 18 months; age of first words, 48 months; age of first sentences, 78 months; no regression during development. Language and communication evaluation: expressive language limited to restrictive sentences, mainly dyssyntaxic. Neurological evaluation: normal neurological exam. Epilepsy/seizures: none. EEG: no significant epileptic event reported. Brain imaging: ND. Other exams: karyotype, fragile X, and metabolic screening normal. Other comorbid conditions: inguinal hernia, operated at 2 months of age; hypermetropia and astigmatism. Dysmorphic features: prominent chin, no other dysmorphic features. Family history: non-consanguineous parents, no relevant personal and familial history of psychiatric or medical illness.
Composite score on Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children/K-ABC (age at evaluation, 11.05 years) of 40 (moderate ID)
Diagnosis of autism based on ADI-R and ADOS. Language and communication evaluation: below average language (<1st %ile). Epilepsy/seizures: no history of epilepsy. Dysmorphic features: minor, including 5th finger clinodactyly and several curled toes.
Diagnosis of ASD (pervasive developmental disorder/PDD) at age of 4 years by child psychologist on basis of behavioral assessments. Birth/neonatal history: uncomplicated pregnancy; natural delivery. Developmental milestones: crawling at 7 months, walking at 15 months; developmental delay noticed by parents at age two, two months after serious encephalitic illness that required hospitalization; speech and language delay (did not talk until approximately 4 years of age). Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: continued behavioral issues including anxiety, OCD, tics, and impulsive, sometimes aggressive behaviors; frequently talks to himself, trouble concentrating and sitting still. Epilepsy/seizures: cyclical seizures began at time of encephalitic illness and recurred until age of 6 years; subsequently seizure-free without anti-convulsant treatment. Other features: clinical metabolic testing for molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) deficiency performed (negative results) after detection of de novo 14q23.3/GPHN deletion. Dysmorphic features: N/A. Family history: N/A.
Language and communication: speech dysarticulation. Other features: adrenal adenoma, hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis, GERD, multiple small-bowel obstructions, renal cyst, Mosaic Turner syndrome (6 of 24 cells), hirsuitism. Growth parameters: OFC 50th %ile, height of 152.4 cm (short stature), BMI of 27.2 kg/m2. Family history: five family members (deceased father, three siblings, and one niece) affected wtith DD/ID and/or other psychiatric disorders (3/4 surviving family memebrs tested positive for 15q13.3 deletion).
Moderate intellectual disability (IQ testing at age of 30 years revealed FSIQ of 48, performance IQ of 44, and verbal IQ of 56)
Epilepsy/seizures: primary generalized epilepsy; absence/generalized tonic-clonic seizures. EEG: abnormal. Language and communication evaluation: speech dysarthria. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: major depression, anxiety. Brain imaging: abnormal CT head without contrast. Birth/neonatal history: difficult pregnancy for her mother due to macrosomia; birth weight of 9.5 lbs. Medical history: congenital thyroid hypoplasia requiring thyroxine, sleep apnea, nystagmus. Growth parameters: N/A. Family history: positive for seizures on father's side.
Language and communication evaluation: normal speech. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: scoliosis. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: major depression, anxiety. Other features: tonsillectomy, acquired unilateral hearing loss, type 2 diabetes mellitus, spontaneously closed septal defect during childhood. Family history: son with DD/ID and 15q13.3 deletion.
Birth history: born at 37 weeks gestation, no reported pregnancy anomalies. Developmental milestones: language delay. Language and communication evaluation: no language disorder or absent speech. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: ASD. Epilepsy/abnormal EEG: no reported epilepsy or EEG abnormalities. Dysmorphic features: prominent forehead, everted lower eyelid. Growth parameters: normal head circumference, normal growth. Family history: negative for consanguineity, positive for familiarity, family history positive for NDDs.
Normal (no intellectual disability or learning disorder)
CNV was identified in an individual with one or more neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), and/or dysmorphic features (detailed clinical information was not available). CNV classified as variant of unknown significance-likely benign (VOUS-LB)
Developmental milestones: delayed language development, pervasive developmental disorder. Language and communication evaluation: nonverbal communication problems. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: poor eye contact (no eye contact at 5 years, intermittent at 12 years); autism spectrum disorder (level 1), ADHD, depression and anxiety disorder (score of 71 on Teacher Report Form), mood disorder; Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) score of 72, Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) total score of 72 (attention deficit score by CBCL 92), Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Disorders (SCARED)-P score of 46. Epilepsy/seizures: no. Family history: unaffected mother with self-reported traits of depression and anxiety disorder and ADHD; affected brother with pervasive developmental delay, depression and anxiety disorder, developmental delay, nonverbal communication problems, speech/language delay, ADHD, autistic traits, and mood disorder (both also have the 15q13.3 duplication).
Diagnosis of Tourette syndrome (TS) based on DSM-IV-TR criteria. Additional diagnoses of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and ADHD. Case started to have tics at age of 7.5 years (total tic store at age of 8.5 years); methylphenidate treatment initiated at age of 8 years for ADHD symptoms; case also had OCD and rage attacks, did not have seasonal affective disorder, depression, sleeping disturbances, or stuttering. Family history: monozygotic twin brother with Tourette syndrome (melchior_13_TS/ADHD/OCD_discovery_cases-caseIV-3), older brother with Tourette syndrome and OCD (melchior_13_TS/ADHD/OCD_discovery_cases-caseIV-2), mother with subclinical ADHD, father with subclinical OCD, family history of subclinical OCD and obsessive-compulsive behavior on maternal and paternal sides, and of tics on maternal side.
Full scale IQ of 82; received special educational support in school.
Language and communication evaluation: absent speech. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: hand/feet contractures. Epilepsy/seizures: yes. Dysmorphic features: deep set ears/prominent or large ears, short philtrum, thick lips. Growth parameters: height of 156 cm (<3rd %ile), weight of 50 kg (10th %ile), and head circumference of 54.5 cm (25th-50th %ile). Family history: consanguineous parents; two unaffected siblings (not available for testing).
Developmental milestones: developmental delay/regression. Language and communication evaluation: absent speech. Epilepsy/seizures: yes. Dysmorphic features: bulbous nose, deep set ears/prominent or large ears, short philtrum. Growth parameters: height of 135 cm (3rd %ile), weight of 26 kg (<3rd %ile), and head circumference of 51 cm (<3rd %ile).
Case was assessed for ASD according to DSM-IV behavioral criteria. Clinical characteristics other than ASD: growth deficiency, stereotypic movements, frontal bossing, arched upper lip, macrostomia, open mouth, microcephaly
Delayed language development, severe obesessional & hyperactive behaviors, very limited social interaction, poor eye contact, slightly disturbed coordination & dysdiadochokinesia, no epilepsy or abnormal EEG, no dysmorphologies reported, head cicrumference >97th centile, no hypotonia.
Verbal IQ 85. Performance IQ 72. Full scale IQ 77.
Delayed language development, socailly withdrawn, hyperactive behavior, irritable behavior in groups, poor eye contact, obsessional interests and ritualistic behaviors, no epilepsy or abnormal EEG, no dysmorphologies reported, head circumference 10-25th centile, no hypotonia.
Verbal IQ 99 (PPVT=115). Performance IQ 94 (RAVEN SPM=100). Full Scale IQ 96.
Markedly delayed language development, socially withdrawn, fixated with certain objects, use of idiosyncratic speech with articulation abnormalities. Hypotonia, distrubed coodination, dysdiadochokinesia, no dominant laterality. No epilepsy or abnormal EEG, head circumference >97th centile.
Verbal IQ 85 (PPVT=90). Performance IQ 65. Full Scale IQ 72.
Case previously described in Leblond et al. 2012 (subject AU038_3). Autism, congenital inguinal hernia, severe language delay, functional language, no dysmorphic features, normal neurological exam, hypermetropia, astigmatism, no epilepsy. Family history: both parents unaffected; no siblings.
Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: alcoholism, drug addiction, abusive behavior to family members. Family history: multiple family members with a history of alcoholism; daughter (II-3) with history of developmental delay and medical history significant for bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, attention deficit disorder, learning disability, and seizures; two grandsons (cases III-2 and III-3) presenting with PDD-NOS, anxiety disorder, and dysthymia.
Bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, ADD, and epilepsy
Developmental milestones: history of developmental delay, did not walk until 2-3 years of age. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: fine resting tremor. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, attention deficit disorder (ADD). Epilepsy/seizures: seizures since her twenties. Dysmorphic features: bilateral prominent antihelices, bulbous nasal tip, mildly flat philtrum. Family history: monozygotic twin sons presenting with PDD-NOS, anxiety disorder, and dysthymia (cases III-2 and III-3); father with medical history significant for alcoholism, drug addiction, and abusive behaviors to family members (with multiple family members with history of alcoholism); mother (I-2) in good physical health with no cognitive impairment and no history of neuropsychiatric disease.
Presented to genetics clinic for evaluation of intellectual disability and autistic behaviors. Birth/neonatal history: born as a monozygotic twin conceived naturally by a 26-year-old mother and 30-year-old father (both parents of Caucasian descent); born by spontaneous vaginal delivery at approximately 36 weeks gestation; birth weight of 1.955 kg (10th-25th %ile); hospitalized in NICU for 1 week for mild feeding difficulties. Developmental milestones: infancy and early childhood significant for speech delay, with active intervention speech therapy started at 2 years of age; motor development reported as normal. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: mild dysarthria, generalized hypotonia, poor balance, poor coordination when walking, no frank ataxia; bilateral 5th finger clinodactyly, single palmar crease on the left, generalized joint hypermobility. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: short attention span, low frustration tolerance, emotional profile significant for anxiety and depression; formal developmental and neuropsychiatric assessment (performed at age of 10 years 7 months) consistent with PDD-NOS, anxiety disorder, and dysthymia. Brain imaging: brain MRI performed at age of 10 years showed no anatomic abnormalities. Dysmorphic features: mild dysmorphic features; triangular face, hypertelorism (inner canthal distance 4 cm, >97th %ile), bilateral prominent antihelices, broad philtrum, high-arched palate. Growth parameters: head circumference of 55 cm (80th %ile), height of 145 cm (90th %ile), and weight of 41 kg (90th %ile). Family history: monozygotic twin brother with similar neuropsychiatric and cognitive phenotypes (caseIII-3); two maternal half-siblings reported as healthy with normal physical appearance and normal development; mother (II-3) with history of developmental delay and medical history significant for bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, attention deficit disorder, learning disability, and seizures; maternal grandather (I-1)with medical history significant for alcoholism, drug addiction, and abusive behaviors to family members (with multiple family members with history of alcoholism); father (II-2) and maternal grandmother (I-2) in good physical health with no cognitive impairment and no history of neuropsychiatric disease.
Cognitive abilites in borderline range (full-scale IQ of 75 on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV); at time of examination, subject was in the fourth grade, enrolled in general and special education classes; able to follow two-step commands, but required constant repetition and redirection.
Presented to clinic for evaluation of developmental delay and learning problems at age of 10 years. Birth/neonatal history: born as a monozygotic twin conceived naturally by a 26-year-old mother and 30-year-old father (both parents of Caucasian descent); born by spontaneous vaginal delivery at approximately 36 weeks gestation. Language and communication evaluation: language processing deficits, significantly more salient non-verbal than verbal functions, impaired language function. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: mild dysarthria, some coordination difficulties, generalized hypotonia. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: short attention span, impulsive behavior, aggressiveness to classmates, did not tolerate changes in routine; formal neuropsychological evaluation revealed PDD-NOS, anxiety disorder, and dysthymia. Brain imaging: head CT at age of 2 years revealed left middle cranial fossa arachnoid cyst, which was later confirmed by MRI at age of 10 years. Dysmorphic features: mild dysmorphic features similar to twin brother. Family history: monozygotic twin brother with similar neuropsychiatric and cognitive phenotypes (caseIII-2); two maternal half-siblings reported as healthy with normal physical appearance and normal development; mother (II-3) with history of developmental delay and medical history significant for bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, attention deficit disorder, learning disability, and seizures; maternal grandather (I-1)with medical history significant for alcoholism, drug addiction, and abusive behaviors to family members (with multiple family members with history of alcoholism); father (II-2) and maternal grandmother (I-2) in good physical health with no cognitive impairment and no history of neuropsychiatric disease.
Borderline intellectual functioning (full-scale IQ of 84 on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV), with significantly more salient non-verbal than verbal functions, impaired language functions, impaired memory functions and impaired cognitive flexibility; able to follow one-, but not two-step commands; enrolled in special education classes.
Case is from a monozygotic twin pair from the Discordant ASD/Discordant NDD diagnostic group. Affected twin has ASD with full-scale IQ of 70, dyslexia, and mild macrocephaly (84th %ile); co-twin has mild macrocephaly (98th %ile), an IQ of 77, as well as a past history of mild language delay described as language impairments specific for ASD and lack of social reciprocity, pretend, or fantasy play (not observed at the time of assessment).
Diagnosis of autism based on clinical diagnosis, C-TRF (Caregiver-Teacher Report Form), and DSM-Oriented Scales for Boys (>97th %ile). Aggression, anger, anxiety, temper tantrums, social avoidance, sucking and biting of hands and fingers, sleep-onset disorder, upper-body hypotonia, thumb-flexion difficulty, oppositional defiance, previous head banging, and prior speech delay
Leiter-R IQ: incomplete (test attempted but proband failed to complete)
Autism, epilepsy, precocious puberty, muscle hypotonia, scoliosis, flat feet, genu valgity. Family history: brother with autism, paternal uncle with schizophrenia, maternal family history positive for intellectual disability (two cousins).
Case diagnosed with schizophrenia after meeting criteria in the DSM-IIIR/DSM-IV before the age of 13 years. Birth/neonatal history: full-term but difficult pregnancy due to stressful evenrs and hyperemesis; vaginal delivery proceeded without further complications; birth weight of 3740 g (75th %ile), length of 50 cm (90th %ile). Developmental milestones: within normal limits. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: began exhibiting sudden-onset cognitive changes, immaturity, distractibility, and impaired social interactions, disrupting her ability to function at school, at age of 9 years; stopped speaking and communicated only in signs with little eye contact; diagnosed with schizophrenia at age of 10 years (visual and auditory hallucinations, severely worsening social impairment); additional psychotic behaviors, as well as flattened and inappropriate effect, when admitted to NIMH study at age of 12 years; exhibited more social interaction but still experienced hallucinations and exhibited occasional outbursts and inappropriate touching at school at 1-year follow-up. Brain imaging: normal. Dysmorphic features: none. Growth parameters: weight of 57.6 kg (92nd %ile), height of 157.2 cm (78th %ile), and OFC 75th-98th %ile at age of 10 years. Family history: third child of non-consanguineous parents; father who was 15q13.3 duplication carrier with no reported clinical diagnosis, though with a history of transient hallucinations and poor memory; two siblings who are also 15q13.3 duplication carriers (one with Tourette syndrome, the other with dyslexia; one male sibling too young to be tested for 15q13.3 duplication or any neurodevelopmental/neuropsychiatric phenotype.
Case diagnosed with schizophrenia after meeting criteria in the DSM-IIIR/DSM-IV before the age of 13 years. Birth/neonatal history: uneventful pregnancy; exposure to tobacco (1 pack/day); vaginal delivery proceeded without complications; birth weight 3090 g (10th-25th %ile). Developmental milestones: within normal limits. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: witnessed significant domestic violenece from biological father from birth to age of 5 years; problems with hyperactivity, distractibility, and social impairment noted at school at age of 7 years; diagnosed with ADHD at age of 7 years (diagnostic tools N/A); hospitalized at age 11 for suicidal ideation, aggression towards peers, and threats of violence towards himself and others; diagnosed with major depression with psychotic symptoms at age of 11 years (visual and auditory hallucinations); re-hospitalized at age of 12 years for mood liability and vague aggression ideation; diagnosed with schizophrenia at this time (hysterical crying spells, complaints of being possessed by spirits or ghosts, and reports of feeling controlled by outside forces); severe social impairment; sleep disturbances; still experienced some visual hallucination when anxious in a 20-year follow-up. EEG: reported normal. Dysmorphic features: prominent ears, large hands and feet. Family history: proband was first child of non-consanguineous parents; father diagnosed with bipolar disorder and who had a history of alcohol abuse; one sibling diagnosed with ADHD who was a 15q13.3 duplication carrier.
Diagnosis of ASD by ADI-R and ADOS. Developmental milestones: delayed speech and language development. Language and communication evaluation: almost no language. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: VABS standard score of 55, reduced sensitivity to pain, unusual sensory interests, hyperactivity, aggressive behavior, obsessive behavior. Additional medical history: rough skin. Family history: family history of developmental delay.
Diagnosis of ASD by ADI-R and ADOS. Language and communication evaluation: speech and language delay and deficits. Motor and musculoskeletal evaluation: poor motor coordination, abnormal gait, suspected joint abnormality. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: hyperactivity, obsessive behavior, unusual sensory interests, hyper-responsivity to sensory stimuli. Family history: family history of language delay and epilepsy.
Diagnosis of ASD by ADI-R and ADOS. Developmental milestones: developmental delay (delayed speech and language development). Languague and communication evaluation: language impairment. Behavioral/psychiatric evaluation: aggressive behavior. Family history: family history of intellectual disability.
Original reason for referral: developmental delay, intellectual disability. Developmental milestones: walking at 18 months; first word at 20 months; age of sitting, crawling, and two word sentences unknown. ADOS Summary: autism/ASD. ADI-R summary: autism/ASD; Total A score of 15 (cutoff 10), Total B verbal score of 11 (cutoff 8), Total C score of 3 (cutoff 3), Total D score of 4 (cutoff 1). Strictest Diagnosis of Autism (positive on ADOS and ADI-R): yes. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) results: N/A. Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) results: not completed. History of seizures: no. History of hypotonia: no. Growth parameters: height <3rd %ile (Z score -3.6), weight <3rd %ile (Z score -5.39), OFC 58 %ile (Z score 0.2). 15q13.3 microdeletion breakpoints: BP4-BP5.
Original reason for referral: depression. Developmental milestones: age of sitting, crawling, walking, first word, and two word sentences unknown. ADOS Summary: not autism or ASD. ADI-R summary: not autism/ASD; Total A score of 15 (cutoff 10), Total B verbal score of 11 (cutoff 8), Total C score of 1 (cutoff 3), Total D score of 3 (cutoff 1). Strictest Diagnosis of Autism (positive on ADOS and ADI-R): no. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) results: GAC Composite Score of 96 (39th %ile, average qualitative range); Conceptual Composite Score of 91 (27th %ile, average qualitative range); Social Composite Score of 100 (50th %ile, average qualitative range); Practical Composite Score of 98 (45th %ile, average qualitative range). Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) results: Externalizing T-score of 74 (%ile rank 97); Internalizing T score of 85 (%ile rank 99); Behavioral T score of 71 (%ile rank 96); Adaptive skills T score of 37 (%ile rank 11); Hyperactivity T score of 68 (%ile rank 93); Aggression T score of 64 (%ile rank 92); Conduct problems T score of 86 (%ile rank 98); Anxiety T score of 67 (%ile rank 94); Depression T score of 76 (%ile rank 97); Somatization T score of 95 (%ile rank 99); Atypicality T score of 84 (%ile rank 98); Withdrawal T score of 56 (%ile rank 79); Attention Problems T score of 52 (%ile rank 64); Adaptibility T score of 36 (%ile rank 10); Social skills T score of 43 (%ile rank 25); Leadership T score of 43 (%ile rank 24); Activities of daily living T score of (%ile rank ); Functional communication T score of 39 (%ile rank 16). History of seizures: absence seizures. History of hypotonia: no. Growth parameters: height 19th %ile (Z score -0.87), weight 66th %ile (Z score 0.42), OFC 93rd %ile (Z score 1.48). 15q13.3 microdeletion breakpoints: BP4-BP5.
Original reason for referral: ASD. Developmental milestones: sitting at 11 months, crawling at 12 months, walking at 13 months; first word at 13 months, 2 word sentences at 48 months. ADOS Summary: autism/ASD. ADI-R summary: autism/ASD; Total A score of 16 (cutoff 10), Total B verbal score of 16 (cutoff 8), Total C score of 8 (cutoff 3), Total D score of 4 (cutoff 1). Strictest Diagnosis of Autism (positive on ADOS and ADI-R): yes. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) results: GAC Composite Score of 60 (0.4th %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Conceptual Composite Score of 61 (0.5th %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Social Composite Score of 70 (2nd %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Practical Composite Score of 56 (0.2nd %ile, extremely low qualitative range). Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) results: Externalizing T-score of 57 (%ile rank 81); Internalizing T score of 69 (%ile rank 95); Behavioral T score of 62 (%ile rank 91); Adaptive skills T score of 35 (%ile rank 7); Hyperactivity T score of 69 (%ile rank 95); Aggression T score of 52 (%ile rank 67); Conduct problems T score of 49 (%ile rank 57); Anxiety T score of 78 (%ile rank 99); Depression T score of 73 (%ile rank 97); Somatization T score of 45 (%ile rank 35); Atypicality T score of 53 (%ile rank 73); Withdrawal T score of 62 (%ile rank 89); Attention Problems T score of 58 (%ile rank 77); Adaptibility T score of 30 (%ile rank 4); Social skills T score of 39 (%ile rank 15); Leadership T score of 37 (%ile rank 10); Activities of daily living T score of 43 (%ile rank 23); Functional communication T score of 35 (%ile rank 9). History of seizures: no. History of hypotonia: no. Growth parameters: height 97th %ile (Z score 1.94), weight 96th %ile (Z score 1.76), OFC >99th %ile (Z score 3.62). Family history: unknown (adopted). 15q13.3 microdeletion breakpoints: BP4-BP5.
Original reason for referral: behavioral problems. Developmental milestones: age of sitting, crawling, walking, first word, and two word sentences unknown. ADOS Summary: not autism or ASD. ADI-R summary: not autism/ASD; Total A score of 9 (cutoff 10), Total B verbal score of 6 (cutoff 8), Total C score of 2 (cutoff 3), Total D score of 4 (cutoff 1). Strictest Diagnosis of Autism (positive on ADOS and ADI-R): no. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) results: GAC Composite Score of106 (66th %ile, average qualitative range); Conceptual Composite Score of 104 (61st %ile, average qualitative range); Social Composite Score of 106 (66th %ile, average qualitative range); Practical Composite Score of 98 (45th %ile, average qualitative range). Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) results: Externalizing T-score of 63 (%ile rank 90); Internalizing T score of 48 (%ile rank 50); Behavioral T score of 59 (%ile rank 83); Adaptive skills T score of 36 (%ile rank 8); Hyperactivity T score of 71 (%ile rank 96); Aggression T score of 55 (%ile rank 75); Conduct problems T score of 58 (%ile rank 83); Anxiety T score of 44 (%ile rank 29); Depression T score of 52 (%ile rank 69); Somatization T score of 49 (%ile rank 55); Atypicality T score of 56 (%ile rank 80); Withdrawal T score of 42 (%ile rank 21); Attention Problems T score of 63 (%ile rank 88); Adaptibility T score of 42 (%ile rank 22); Social skills T score of 39 (%ile rank 15); Leadership T score of 39 (%ile rank 14); Activities of daily living T score of 32 (%ile rank 5); Functional communication T score of 37 (%ile rank 12). History of seizures: no. History of hypotonia: no. Growth parameters: height 17th %ile (Z score -0.97), weight 4th %ile (Z score -1.76), OFC 38th %ile (Z score -0.32). Family history: unknown (adopted). 15q13.3 microdeletion breakpoints: BP4-BP5.
Original reason for referral: oppositional and aggressive behavior, defiant behavior. Developmental milestones: age of sitting, crawling, walking, first word, and two word sentences unknown. ADOS Summary: autism/ASD. ADI-R summary: N/A. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) results: GAC Composite Score of 48 (<0.1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Conceptual Composite Score of 55 (0.1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Social Composite Score of 55 (0.1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Practical Composite Score of 50 (<0.1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range). Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) results: Externalizing T-score of 93 (%ile rank 99); Internalizing T score of 62 (%ile rank 89); Behavioral T score of 87 (%ile rank 99); Adaptive skills T score of 32 (%ile rank 1); Hyperactivity T score of 99 (%ile rank 99); Aggression T score of 84 (%ile rank 99); Conduct problems T score of 83 (%ile rank 99); Anxiety T score of 57 (%ile rank 79); Depression T score of 76 (%ile rank 97); Somatization T score of 46 (%ile rank 40); Atypicality T score of 73 (%ile rank 96); Withdrawal T score of 65 (%ile rank 91); Attention Problems T score of 72 (%ile rank 98); Adaptibility T score of 28 (%ile rank 2); Social skills T score of 35 (%ile rank 7); Leadership T score of 27 (%ile rank 1); Activities of daily living T score of 22 (%ile rank 1); Functional communication T score of 25 (%ile rank 1). History of seizures: generalized tonic-clonic seizures. History of hypotonia: no. Growth parameters: height 43rd %ile (Z score -0.17), weight 62nd %ile (Z score 0.32), OFC 12th %ile (Z score -1.15). Family history: unknown (adopted). 15q13.3 microdeletion breakpoints: BP4-BP5.
Original reason for referral: mild intellectual disability, ADHD, anxiety, depression, hypothyroidism. Developmental milestones: sitting at 7 months, crawling at `0 months, walking at 16 months; first word at 24 months, 2 word sentences at 30 months. ADOS Summary: not autism or ASD. ADI-R summary: not autism/ASD; Total A score of 7 (cutoff 10), Total B verbal score of 12 (cutoff 8), Total C score of 4 (cutoff 3), Total D score of 3 (cutoff 1). Strictest Diagnosis of Autism (positive on ADOS and ADI-R): no. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) results: GAC Composite Score of 63 (1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Conceptual Composite Score of67 (1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Social Composite Score of 75 (5th %ile, borderline qualitative range); Practical Composite Score of 54 (1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range). Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) results: Externalizing T-score of 58 (%ile rank 81); Internalizing T score of 88 (%ile rank 99); Behavioral T score of 76 (%ile rank 98); Adaptive skills T score of 27 (%ile rank 2); Hyperactivity T score of 74 (%ile rank 97); Aggression T score of 46 (%ile rank 39); Conduct problems T score of 50 (%ile rank 60); Anxiety T score of 79 (%ile rank 99); Depression T score of 79 (%ile rank 99); Somatization T score of 86 (%ile rank 99); Atypicality T score of 75 (%ile rank 97); Withdrawal T score of 68 (%ile rank 95); Attention Problems T score of 77 (%ile rank 99); Adaptibility T score of 38 (%ile rank 13); Social skills T score of 41 (%ile rank 20); Leadership T score of 29 (%ile rank 1); Activities of daily living T score of 18 (%ile rank 1); Functional communication T score of 29 (%ile rank 3). History of seizures: no. History of hypotonia: yes. Growth parameters: height 74th %ile (Z score 0.64), weight 85th %ile (Z score 1.05), OFC 75th %ile (Z score 0.69). 15q13.3 microdeletion breakpoints: BP4-BP5.
Original reason for referral: ASD, depression, no risk/danger appreciation, suicidal ideation. Developmental milestones: sitting at 14 months, crawling at 18 months, walking at 24 months; first word at 18 months, 2 word sentences at 36 months. ADOS Summary: not autism or ASD. ADI-R summary: not autism/ASD; Total A score of 18 (cutoff 10), Total B verbal score of 16 (cutoff 8), Total C score of 1 (cutoff 3), Total D score of 4 (cutoff 1). Strictest Diagnosis of Autism (positive on ADOS and ADI-R): no. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) results: GAC Composite Score of 73 (4th %ile, borderline qualitative range); Conceptual Composite Score of 78 (7th %ile, borderline qualitative range); Social Composite Score of 70 (2nd %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Practical Composite Score of 80 (9th %ile,below average qualitative range). Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) results: Externalizing T-score of 67 (%ile rank 94); Internalizing T score of 92 (%ile rank 99); Behavioral T score of 73 (%ile rank 97); Adaptive skills T score of 31 (%ile rank 4); Hyperactivity T score of 68 (%ile rank 94); Aggression T score of 55 (%ile rank 75); Conduct problems T score of 73 (%ile rank 96); Anxiety T score of 79 (%ile rank 99); Depression T score of 71 (%ile rank 96); Somatization T score of 104 (%ile rank 99); Atypicality T score of 63 (%ile rank 90); Withdrawal T score of 88 (%ile rank 99); Attention Problems T score of 58 (%ile rank 77); Adaptibility T score of 49 (%ile rank 44); Social skills T score of 35 (%ile rank 7); Leadership T score of 25 (%ile rank 1); Activities of daily living T score of 34 (%ile rank 7); Functional communication T score of 27 (%ile rank 2). History of seizures: no. History of hypotonia: no. Growth parameters: height 11th %ile (Z score -1.24), weight 56th %ile (Z score 0.15), OFC 30th %ile (Z score -0.51). Family history: adopted, known to have an affected brother. 15q13.3 microdeletion breakpoints: BP4-BP5.
Original reason for referral: mild intellectual disability, ADHD. Developmental milestones: sitting at 12 months, crawling at 13 months, walking at 17 months; first word at 48 months, 2 word sentences at 60 months. ADOS Summary: not autism or ASD. ADI-R summary: not autism/ASD; Total A score of 6 (cutoff 10), Total B verbal score of 11 (cutoff 8), Total C score of 2 (cutoff 3), Total D score of 4 (cutoff 1). Strictest Diagnosis of Autism (positive on ADOS and ADI-R): no. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) results: GAC Composite Score of 40 (1st %ile,extremely low qualitative range); Conceptual Composite Score of 14 (2nd %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Social Composite Score of 14 (19th %ile, below average qualitative range); Practical Composite Score of 12 (0.2nd %ile, extremely low qualitative range). Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) results: Externalizing T-score of 53 (%ile rank 68); Internalizing T score of 61 (%ile rank 87); Behavioral T score of 57 (%ile rank 78); Adaptive skills T score of 35 (%ile rank 7); Hyperactivity T score of 56 (%ile rank 76); Aggression T score of 52 (%ile rank 67); Conduct problems T score of 49 (%ile rank 57); Anxiety T score of 50 (%ile rank 55); Depression T score of 50 (%ile rank 60); Somatization T score of 76 (%ile rank 98); Atypicality T score of 56 (%ile rank 80); Withdrawal T score of 52 (%ile rank 64); Attention Problems T score of 66 (%ile rank 93); Adaptibility T score of 43 (%ile rank 24); Social skills T score of 43 (%ile rank 27); Leadership T score of 37 (%ile rank 10); Activities of daily living T score of 27 (%ile rank 1); Functional communication T score of 34 (%ile rank 7). History of seizures: no. History of hypotonia: no. Growth parameters: height 61st %ile (Z score 0.28), weight 90th %ile (Z score 1.26), OFC >99th %ile (Z score 2.99). 15q13.3 microdeletion breakpoints: BP4-BP5.
Original reason for referral: mild developmental delay, intellectual disability. Developmental milestones: age of sitting, crawling, walking, first word, and two word sentences unknown. ADOS Summary: autism/ASD. ADI-R summary: autism/ASD; Total A score of 19 (cutoff 10), Total B verbal score of 12 (cutoff 8), Total C score of 3 (cutoff 3), Total D score of 4 (cutoff 1). Strictest Diagnosis of Autism (positive on ADOS and ADI-R): yes. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) results: GAC Composite Score of 57 (0.2th %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Conceptual Composite Score of 65 (1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Social Composite Score of 68 (2nd %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Practical Composite Score of 48 (<0.1th %ile, extremely low qualitative range). Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) results: Externalizing T-score of 47 (%ile rank 44); Internalizing T score of 41 (%ile rank 16); Behavioral T score of 58 (%ile rank 80); Adaptive skills T score of 33 (%ile rank 5); Hyperactivity T score of 50 (%ile rank 57); Aggression T score of 47 (%ile rank 47); Conduct problems T score of 44 (%ile rank 29); Anxiety T score of 41 (%ile rank 17); Depression T score of 45 (%ile rank 39); Somatization T score of 41 (%ile rank 16); Atypicality T score of 57 (%ile rank 81); Withdrawal T score of 81 (%ile rank 99); Attention Problems T score of 55 (%ile rank 70); Adaptibility T score of 39 (%ile rank 16); Social skills T score of 29 (%ile rank 1); Leadership T score of 31 (%ile rank 2); Activities of daily living T score of 40 (%ile rank 17); Functional communication T score of 37 (%ile rank 11). History of seizures: reported staring spells. History of hypotonia: no. Growth parameters: height 34th %ile (Z score -0.42), weight 68th %ile (Z score 0.46), OFC 95th %ile (Z score 1.64). 15q13.3 microdeletion breakpoints: BP4-BP5.
Original reason for referral: mild intellectual disability. Developmental milestones: sitting at 12 months, walking at 36 months; first word at 18 months, 2 word sentences at 36 months; age of crawling unknown. ADOS Summary: autism/ASD. ADI-R summary: not autism/ASD; Total A score of 7 (cutoff 10), Total B verbal score of 7 (cutoff 8), Total C score of 3 (cutoff 3), Total D score of 3 (cutoff 1). Strictest Diagnosis of Autism (positive on ADOS and ADI-R): no. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) results: GAC Composite Score of 68 (2nd %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Conceptual Composite Score of 70 (2nd %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Social Composite Score of 87 (19th %ile, below average qualitative range); Practical Composite Score of 62 (1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range). Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) results: Externalizing T-score of 59 (%ile rank 84); Internalizing T score of 68 (%ile rank 95); Behavioral T score of 66 (%ile rank 93); Adaptive skills T score of 35 (%ile rank 7); Hyperactivity T score of 58 (%ile rank 82); Aggression T score of 64 (%ile rank 90); Conduct problems T score of 53 (%ile rank 72); Anxiety T score of 70 (%ile rank 96); Depression T score of 69 (%ile rank 95); Somatization T score of 54 (%ile rank 73); Atypicality T score of 56 (%ile rank 80); Withdrawal T score of 62 (%ile rank 89); Attention Problems T score of 66 (%ile rank 93); Adaptibility T score of 35 (%ile rank 8); Social skills T score of 39 (%ile rank 15); Leadership T score of 42 (%ile rank 22); Activities of daily living T score of 31 (%ile rank 4); Functional communication T score of 40 (%ile rank 18). History of seizures: no. History of hypotonia: yes. Growth parameters: height 62nd %ile (Z score 0.3), weight 99th %ile (Z score 2.45), OFC 99th %ile (Z score 2.28). 15q13.3 microdeletion breakpoints: BP4-BP5.
Original reason for referral: bipolar disorder. Developmental milestones: sitting at 6 months, crawling at 9 months, walking at 16 months; first word at 14 months; age of two word sentences unknown. ADOS Summary: not autism or ASD. ADI-R summary: N/A. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) results: N/A. Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) results: not completed. History of seizures: no. History of hypotonia: no. Growth parameters: height 92nd %ile (Z score 1.42), weight 99th %ile (Z score 2.46), OFC 98th %ile (Z score 2.14). 15q13.3 microdeletion breakpoints: BP4-BP5.
Original reason for referral: mild intellectual disability. Developmental milestones: sitting at 11 months, crawling at 14 months, walking at 17 months; first word at 40 months, 2 word sentences at 60 months. ADOS Summary: not autism or ASD. ADI-R summary: not autism/ASD; Total A score of 16 (cutoff 10), Total B verbal score of 15 (cutoff 8), Total C score of 0 (cutoff 3), Total D score of 4 (cutoff 1). Strictest Diagnosis of Autism (positive on ADOS and ADI-R): no. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) results: GAC Composite Score of 78 (7th %ile, borderline qualitative range); Conceptual Composite Score of 84 (14th %ile, below average qualitative range); Social Composite Score of 84 (14th %ile, below average qualitative range); Practical Composite Score of 82 (12th %ile, below average qualitative range). Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) results: Externalizing T-score of 46 (%ile rank 39); Internalizing T score of 41 (%ile rank 17); Behavioral T score of 51 (%ile rank 61); Adaptive skills T score of 33 (%ile rank 5); Hyperactivity T score of 51 (%ile rank 64); Aggression T score of 44 (%ile rank 30); Conduct problems T score of 44 (%ile rank 34); Anxiety T score of 49 (%ile rank 50); Depression T score of 41 (%ile rank 18); Somatization T score of 37 (%ile rank 4); Atypicality T score of 45 (%ile rank 42); Withdrawal T score of 68 (%ile rank 94); Attention Problems T score of 57 (%ile rank 76); Adaptibility T score of 50 (%ile rank 47); Social skills T score of 35 (%ile rank 8); Leadership T score of 32 (%ile rank 4); Activities of daily living T score of 33 (%ile rank 6); Functional communication T score of 29 (%ile rank 3). History of seizures: no. History of hypotonia: yes. Growth parameters: height 6th %ile (Z score -1.52), weight 35th %ile (Z score -0.37), OFC 27th %ile (Z score -0.6). Family history: unknown (adopted). 15q13.3 microdeletion breakpoints: BP4-BP5.
Original reason for referral: abnormal behavior. Developmental milestones: sitting at 10 months, walking at 24 months; first word at 48 months; age of crawling and two word sentences unknown. ADOS Summary: not autism or ASD. ADI-R summary: autism/ASD; Total A score of 19 (cutoff 10), Total B verbal score of 19 (cutoff 8), Total C score of 7 (cutoff 3), Total D score of 5 (cutoff 1). Strictest Diagnosis of Autism (positive on ADOS and ADI-R): no. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) results: GAC Composite Score of 40 (<0.1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Conceptual Composite Score of 49 (<0.1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Social Composite Score of 55 (0.1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Practical Composite Score of 40 (<0.1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range). Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) results: Externalizing T-score of 67 (%ile rank 94); Internalizing T score of 39 (%ile rank 11); Behavioral T score of 70 (%ile rank 96); Adaptive skills T score of 27 (%ile rank 1); Hyperactivity T score of 84 (%ile rank 99); Aggression T score of 52 (%ile rank 67); Conduct problems T score of 61 (%ile rank 88); Anxiety T score of 31 (%ile rank 1); Depression T score of 48 (%ile rank 52); Somatization T score of 45 (%ile rank 35); Atypicality T score of 63 (%ile rank 89); Withdrawal T score of 76 (%ile rank 98); Attention Problems T score of 71 (%ile rank 99); Adaptibility T score of 49 (%ile rank 43); Social skills T score of 37 (%ile rank 10); Leadership T score of 25 (%ile rank 1); Activities of daily living T score of 20 (%ile rank 1); Functional communication T score of 19 (%ile rank 1). History of seizures: abesnce seizures. History of hypotonia: no. Growth parameters: height 44th %ile (Z score -0.16), weight 85th %ile (Z score 1.04), OFC 99th %ile (Z score 2.53). 15q13.3 microdeletion breakpoints: BP4-BP5.
Original reason for referral: developmental delay, intellectual disability, ADHD. Developmental milestones: sitting at 10 months, crawling at 12 months, walking at 20 months; first word at 13 months; age of two word sentences unknown. ADOS Summary: autism/ASD. ADI-R summary: autism/ASD; Total A score of 14 (cutoff 10), Total B verbal score of 16 (cutoff 8), Total C score of 4 (cutoff 3), Total D score of 5 (cutoff 1). Strictest Diagnosis of Autism (positive on ADOS and ADI-R): yes. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) results: GAC Composite Score of 51 (0.1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Conceptual Composite Score of 57 (0.2nd %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Social Composite Score of 66 (1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Practical Composite Score of 46 (<0.1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range). Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) results: Externalizing T-score of 55 (%ile rank 77); Internalizing T score of 50 (%ile rank 55); Behavioral T score of 57 (%ile rank 78); Adaptive skills T score of 35 (%ile rank 7); Hyperactivity T score of 64 (%ile rank 90); Aggression T score of 54 (%ile rank 73); Conduct problems T score of 47 (%ile rank 48); Anxiety T score of 44 (%ile rank 29); Depression T score of 44 (%ile rank 32); Somatization T score of 61 (%ile rank 86); Atypicality T score of 50 (%ile rank 64); Withdrawal T score of 62 (%ile rank 89); Attention Problems T score of 58 (%ile rank 77); Adaptibility T score of 39 (%ile rank 15); Social skills T score of 47 (%ile rank 42); Leadership T score of 33 (%ile rank 5); Activities of daily living T score of 31 (%ile rank 4); Functional communication T score of 34 (%ile rank 7). History of seizures: no. History of hypotonia: no. Growth parameters: height 3rd %ile (Z score -1.96), weight 77th %ile (Z score 0.74), OFC 41st %ile (Z score -0.21). Family history: unknown (adopted). 15q13.3 microdeletion breakpoints: BP4-BP5.
Original reason for referral: intellectual disability. Developmental milestones: sitting at 9 months, crawling at months, walking at 24 months; first word at 17 months, 2 word sentences at 54 months; age of crawling unknown. ADOS Summary: not autism or ASD. ADI-R summary: autism/ASD; Total A score of 25 (cutoff 10), Total B verbal score of 20 (cutoff 8), Total C score of 9 (cutoff 3), Total D score of 5 (cutoff 1). Strictest Diagnosis of Autism (positive on ADOS and ADI-R): no. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II) results: GAC Composite Score of 59 (0.3rd %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Conceptual Composite Score of 69 (2nd %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Social Composite Score of 68 (2nd %ile, extremely low qualitative range); Practical Composite Score of 48 (<0.1st %ile, extremely low qualitative range). Behavioral Assessment for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) results: Externalizing T-score of 68 (%ile rank 95); Internalizing T score of 76 (%ile rank 98); Behavioral T score of 80 (%ile rank 99); Adaptive skills T score of 30 (%ile rank 3); Hyperactivity T score of 66 (%ile rank 93); Aggression T score of 75 (%ile rank 97); Conduct problems T score of 59 (%ile rank 85); Anxiety T score of 59 (%ile rank 82); Depression T score of 84 (%ile rank 99); Somatization T score of 70 (%ile rank 95); Atypicality T score of 75 (%ile rank 97); Withdrawal T score of 76 (%ile rank 98); Attention Problems T score of 66 (%ile rank 93); Adaptibility T score of 28 (%ile rank 2); Social skills T score of 39 (%ile rank 15); Leadership T score of 40 (%ile rank 18); Activities of daily living T score of 24 (%ile rank 1); Functional communication T score of 32 (%ile rank 5). History of seizures: no. History of hypotonia: no. Growth parameters: height 54th %ile (Z score 0.09), weight 96th %ile (Z score 1.73), OFC 44th %ile (Z score 0.16). 15q13.3 microdeletion breakpoints: BP4-BP5.
Control screened for DSM-IV mental disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and psychotic disorders using the research version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV
Control screened for DSM-IV mental disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and psychotic disorders using the research version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV
Control screened for DSM-IV mental disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and psychotic disorders using the research version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV
This mouse model features a deletion in the qC locus of mouse chromosome 7, spanning from an upstream breakpoint between exons 9 and 10 of the Chrna7 gene and a downstream breakpoint between exons 3 and 4 of the Fan1 gene. It is syntenic to an approximately 1.5-Mb deletion in the human 15q13.3 locus.
Model Summary
Copy number variants in the 15q13.3 locus are associated not only with autism, but other neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, deletions in this region are strongly associated with schizophrenia and epilepsy. Mice with the corresponding syntenic deletion recapitulate many of the phenotypes associated with 15q13.3 microdeletion in humans, including marked changes in neuronal excitability, impaired long-term spatial reference memory, and increased aggression following exposure to mild stressors.
External Links
References
Report Type
Title
Author, Year
epilepsy
A mouse model that recapitulates cardinal features of the 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome including schizophrenia- and epilepsy-related alterations.
Model Genotype: Heterozygous
Construct Definition: Chromosomal engineering mediated removal of 1.28Mb region on mouse chromosome 7qC region between the Chrna7 and Mtmr15 genes
Synteny: Human 15q13.3 is syntenic to Mouse 7qC
Model Genotype: Heterozygous
Construct Definition: 15q13.3 heterozygous microdeletion mouse model (Df[h15q13]/+) BP4-BP5 was generated by hemizygous deletion of 1.28 megabases on mouse chromosome 7, orthologous to the human 15q13.3 region, using loxp sites inserted upstream of the Chrna7 gene and downstream of the Mtmr15 gene using Cre mediated recombination. WT females were timed-bred with Df(h15q13)/+ males and the progeny analyzed.
Synteny: Human 15q13.3 is syntenic to Mouse 7qC
Model Genotype: Heterozygous
Construct Definition:Synteny: to label layer 2/3 prefrontal cortical neurons. Litters were born and sacrificed by perfusion at P22.
Description:
Df(7qC) hemizygotes have reduced loudness dependent auditory evoked potential in the parietal cortex and the frontal cortex, compared to wild type controls
Description:
Df(7qC) mice were strongly protected from the electrically induced tonic seizures as well as nicotine induced clonic seizures
Exp Paradigm:
Electrically and chemically induced seizures. Pentylenetetrazole and nicotine treatment was used for tonic-clonic and cloni induction
Description:
Df(7qC) hemizygotes show increased aggression after stress
Exp Paradigm:
Home cage observations were observed following stress inducing behavioral tests
Description:
The time spent in the correct quadrant was significantly reduced in the Df7qC hemizygotes
Exp Paradigm:
Memory was tested in the probe trial, following training in the hidden platform test, 24 hrs after the last training day (day4)
Description:
Mutants show reduction in mature mushroom-shaped spines compared to controls. Mutants show reduction in spine length and spine neck length compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm:
Cortical neurons in layers 2/3 of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were analyzed.
Description:
Mutants show reduction in spine density compared to controls.
Exp Paradigm:
Cortical neurons in layers 2/3 of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were analyzed.
Dendritic architecture: dendritic tree complexity
1
Decreased
Description:
Mutant mice showed decreased arborization, measured by the numbe rof intersections, in layer 2/3 PFC neurons compared to WT mice.
Exp Paradigm:
Cortical neurons in layers 2/3 of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were analyzed.
Description:
Mutants show differential gene expression in forebrain signaling pathways compared to controls. Enriched genes included genes involved in prenatal organ development, specifically forebrain development, suggesting cortical development is disrupted in mutants.
Exp Paradigm:
mRNA was extracted from E16, P21, and adult (P63) mouse cortical brain tissue.
Description:
Mutants show decreased transcript levels of Mtmr10, Otud7a, Klf13, Fan1, and Chrna7 compared to controls. Differential gene expression was most pronounced at postnatal time points, 3 weeks and adulthood, when spine and synapse development is peaking.
Exp Paradigm:
mRNA was extracted from E16, P21, and adult (P63) mouse cortical brain tissue.
Description:
Expression of OTUD7A WT in mutant layer 2/3 PFC neurons completely rescued the deficit in spine density compared to mutants.
Exp Paradigm:
Cortical neurons in layers 2/3 of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were analyzed.
Dendritic architecture: dendritic tree complexity
1
Restored
Description:
Expression of OTUD7A WT in mutant layer 2/3 PFC neurons rescued the deficit of dendritic branching in mutants.
Exp Paradigm:
Cortical neurons in layers 2/3 of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were analyzed.
Description:
Expression of OTUD7A WT in mutant layer 2/3 PFC neurons completely rescued the proportion of mature mushroom-shaped spines and spine length compared to mutants.
Exp Paradigm:
Cortical neurons in layers 2/3 of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were analyzed.