Intestinal microbiota composition

(AM500001)

Composition of the gut flora including commensal and symbiotic microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts of animals

16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria; Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR); Cell counting; Flow cytometric analysis; Scanning electron microscopy; Shotgun sequencing

Blood volume and Ph

(AM500002)

Amount of space occupied by blood in vessels and function of the buffer systems of the blood in combination with the respiratory and renal systems that control the relative acidity or alkalinity of the blood

Blood volume analysis; Fluorescence microscopy

Core body temperature

(AM500003)

Level of heat natural to a living being

Body temperature measurement; General observations; Body weight measurement; Chemically induced hypothermia

Glucose levels

(AM500004)

Level of glucose, a major monosaccharide, in the blood

Glucose tolerance test; ELISA; Radioimmunoassay (RIA); Enzyme assay; In vitro diagnostic tests; Measurement of blood glucose

Homeostasis

(AM500005)

Processes involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of various functions and chemical or protein composition of the fluids and tissues

Quantitative NMR (qNMR); pH/blood gas analyzer and thermometer; Intestinal permeability test; General observations; Cell counting

Hormone levels

(AM500006)

Circulating concentration of a hormone, that is, any substance, usually a peptide or steroid, that has a specific metabolic regulatory effect on the activity or behavior of cells expressing a receptor for said hormone

Immunostaining; Measurement of enzyme activity; Radioimmunoassay (RIA); Open field test; Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS); Immunohistochemistry; High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); Hormone release by pancreatic acini; High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC); Immunoassay; ELISA; Blood chemistry; Gas chromotography (GC); Corticosterone measurements; Electron microscopy; Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR); Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM)

Homeostasis: adiposity

(AM500007)

measure of body fat content, lean tissue content and/or body fluid content

Quantitative NMR (qNMR); Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); Measurement of tissue weight

Hyperthermia: stress induced

(AM500008)

Increase in core body termperature in response to stress or anticipatory anxiety

Measurement of stress-induced hyperthermia

Hypothermia

(AM500009)

Less than the level of heat natural to a living being

Core body temperature measurement; Dopamine agonist-induced hypothermia; Chemically induced hypothermia

Insulin tolerance

(AM500010)

Diminished effectiveness of insulin in lowering plasma glucose levels

Insulin resistance test

Metabolic function

(AM500011)

Processes that cause many of the chemical changes in living organisms, including anabolism and catabolism

Cytochrome oxidase staining; Energy homeostasis analysis; Comprehensive metabolic evaluation; Measurement of gas exchange; Measurement of valine utilization

Metabolite levels: ketone bodies

(AM500013)

Levels of acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate or acetone in the blood, which are produced by fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism

In vitro diagnostic tests

Muscle fiber contraction

(AM500015)

Ability of a muscle to shorten or to develop increased tension

In vitro electric-pulse-induced isometric smooth muscle contraction; Measurement of sponteneous phasic contractions of urinary bladder smooth muscle; Urethral compliance measurements; In vitro carbachol-induced isometric smooth muscle contraction; Mouse cystometry; In vivo vasoconstrictor response assay

Oxidative stress: systemic

(AM500016)

Condition characterized by an accumulation of free radical groups in the body, which creates a potentially unstable and damaging cellular environment

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method; Enzyme assay; Mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme analysis

Radiation sensitivity

(AM500017)

Sensitivity to doses of ionizing radiation that include ultraviolet light, X-rays, or gamma rays, resulting in death

General observations

Renal function

(AM500018)

Function of the kidney, either of the two excretory organs that filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them and water in urine

Urine/blood electrolyte analysis; General observations; Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS); Mouse cystometry

Reproductive function

(AM500019)

Function of the organs associated with producing offspring

General observations; Motile sperm count; Histology; Vaginal smear; Sperm morphology assessment; Genotypic ratio of progeny from heterozygous parents

Respiratory function

(AM500020)

Measure of the processes involved in respiration

Whole body plethysmography; Respiration rate and pattern analysis; General observations; Mitochondrial oxygen consumption studies; Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) measurement; Energy homeostasis analysis

Satiety response

(AM500022)

Reduction in the amount of food consumed over time

Food intake measurements; Glucose intake measurements; General observations; Measurement of bombesin-induced feeding suppression; Water intake measurements

Serum lipid levels

(AM500023)

Concentration of fat-soluble substances in the blood

Measurement of blood lipids; Measurement of blood glucose; Mass spectrometry (MS)

Serum protein levels

(AM500024)

Amount in the blood of any of the macromolecules consisting of long chains of amino acids in peptide linkage

ELISA; Radioligand binding studies; High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Reproductive function: implantation

(AM500025)

The attachment of the blastocyst to the wall of the uterus at the start of pregnancy

Digestive system function: gastrointestinal motility: serotonin induced

(AM500026)

The movement of solids or liquids in small intestines, which is induced by administering 5-HT (i.p.)

Measurement of GI motility

Digestive system function: mucosal morphology: mucosal growth

(AM500027)

Self renewal of the mucosal layer of the intestines by proliferation and differentiation of stem cells present in crypts and apoptosis of differentiated cells that reach villi (small intestine) or surface epithelium (colon). Epithelial turnover occurs ever 4-7 days

Measurement of villus height/ crypt depth; Immunostaining

Digestive system morphology: enteroendocrine cell number: enterochromaffin cell

(AM500028)

Number of enterochromaffin cells that are distributed widely in the gastric antrum, small intestine(duodenum, jejunum, ileum), appendix as well as the larege intestine (colon and rectum)

Histology

Digestive system morphology: enteroendocrine cell number

(AM500029)

Number of enteroendocrine cells that produce hormones in the gastrointestinal tract. These cells migrate upwards in a linear fashion during the process of differentiation starting in intestinal crypts and ending in the luminal surface of the epithelial layer of the mucosa

Histology

Digestive system function: gastrointestinal motility: peristaltic reflexes

(AM500030)

Series of wave-like contractions that begins at the esophagus when food is swallowed and moves food in different stages of digestion, through the gastrointestinal tract. The contractions are caused by smooth muscles lining the digestive tract

Measurement of colonic motility; In vitro analysis of colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs)

Digestive system function: intestinal barrier: intestinal permeability

(AM500031)

A functional feature of the intestinal barrier, that measures the flux rates (or movement of molecules) across the epithelial layer of the mucosa. Permeability is affected by the presence and composition of tight junctions and adherens junctions between the epithelial cells of the mucosa, intestinal microbiota, inflammatory cytokines, bacterial pathogens, diet and many other factors in normal and disease conditions

Intestinal permeability test; Electron microscopy

Digestive system function: gastrointestinal motility

(AM500032)

The movement of solids or liquids in the gastrointestinal tract

Measurement of GI motility; Microgavage; Intestinal transit time; Measurement of colonic motility; General observations

Reproductive function: uterus

(AM500033)

The function of the female muscular organ of gestation in which the developing embryo or fetus is nourished until birth

Histology

Bioactive compound levels: serotonin

(AM500034)

Serum levels of serotonin dependent on regulation of biosynthetic processes in eg. enterchromaffin cells, and serotonin metabolites, 5-HIAA

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR); ELISA

Bioactive compound levels: bile acids

(AM500037)

Serum levels of bile acids

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)

Bioactive compound levels: short chain fatty acids

(AM500038)

Serum levels of short chain fatty acids

Gas chromotography (GC)

Bioactive compound levels: histamine

(AM500039)

Levels of histamine in serum or whole body

Bioactive compound levels: catecholamines

(AM500040)

Levels of catecholamines: dopamine, norepinephrine in serum or whole body

Bioactive compound levels: beta-endorphin

(AM500042)

Plasma or serum levels of beta-endorphin or its metabolites

Bioactive compound levels: neurotensin

(AM500043)

Plasma or serum levels of the peptide neurotransmitter and neuromodulator neurotensin

Bioactive compound levels: substance P

(AM500044)

Plasma or serum levels of the peptide neurotransmitter and neuromodulator substance P

Bioactive compound levels

(AM500045)

Levels of functional metabolic compounds otherwise unspecified, in the whole body, serum or plasma

Immunohistochemistry; Blood chemistry; Thin layer chromatography (TLC); Enzyme assay; Tissue catecholamine test

Bioactive compound levels: carnitine

(AM500046)

Levels of carnitine, an organic compound that is involved in fatty acid transport across the mitochondrial membrane, in the whole body, serum or plasma

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Bioactive compound levels: folate

(AM500047)

Levels of folate or folic acid, vitamin that is a precursor of tetrahydrofolate, which is a cofactor in the metabolism of amino acids and nucleic acids, in the whole body, serum or plasma

Microbiological assay for measuring folate concentration

Bioactive compound levels: tetrahydrobiopterin

(AM500048)

Levels of tetrahydrobiopterin, a cofactor in the metabolism of aromatic amino acids and monoamine neurotransmitters

High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC)

Bioactive compound levels: creatine

(AM500049)

Analysis of creatine levels in the cells, tissues, serum or plasma

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

Bioactive compound levels: guanidinoacetic acid (GAA)

(AM500050)

Analysis of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) levels in the cells or tissues

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

Bioactive compound levels: catacholamines: dopamine

(AM500051)

Levels of dopamine or dopamine metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, DOPAC) in the serum or tissues

Digestive system function: gastrointestinal motility: achalasia

(AM500052)

Achalasia is the backup of food in the esophagus that occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter fails to open upon swallowing.

Esophageal manometry

Digestive system function: dysphagia

(AM500053)

Difficulty swallowing food or water

General observations

Digestive system function: gastrointestinal motility: gastric emptying

(AM500054)

Time taken for food to be processed in the stomach and move from the esophagus to the intestines.

Digestive system function: sphincter function

(AM500055)

Abnormalities in resting sphincter tone, or in its opening or closing

Digestive system function: gastrointestinal motility: intestinal motility

(AM500056)

altered intestinal movement characterized by waves of alternate circular contraction and relaxation of the muscular walls of the bowel that move bowel contents forward

Digestive system function: gastrointestinal motility: colonic motility

(AM500057)

altered colon movement characterized by waves of alternate circular contraction and relaxation of the muscular walls of the bowel that move bowel contents forward

Digestive system function: fecal composition

(AM500058)

increase or decrease in the amount of compounds normally found in the feces (fat, protein etc) or presence of material not normally seen in the feces

Defecation

(AM500059)

anomaly in the discharge of feces

General observations

Cellular motility: induced

(AM500060)

cellular locomotion from one point to another caused by a chemoattractant or ATP

Immunofluorescence staining

Intestinal microbiota composition: functional profile

(AM500061)

Physiological alterations in intestinal microbes measured using functional gut flora metabolite assays to determine the specificity of use of amino acid substrates such as, L-arginine, L-Asparagine, Glycyl-L-Glutamic acid etc.; including functional richness defined as the number of different carbon sources microbial communities could utilize.

Carbon substrate utilization assay

Urination

(AM500062)

abnormality in the volume, frequency or pattern of urination

General observations

Bioactive compound levels: fatty acid

(AM500063)

concentration of natural fatty acids or aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered) and may be saturated or unsaturated

Bioactive compound levels: phospholipid

(AM500064)

concentration of the fat derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group, phospholipids such as phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine etc.

Liquid chromatography�??electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS)

Circulating corticosterone levels

(AM500065)

anomaly in the amount of the adrenocortical steroid in the blood that induces glycogen deposition and regulates sodium conservation and potassium secretion