Mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport

(AM900086)

Transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP in the mitochondrial inner membrane and mediated by multisubunit enzyme complexes known as complex I-IV

Enzyme assay

Mitochondrial membrane potential

(AM900090)

Establishment, extent or modulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across the mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. Hyperpolarization is when the membrane potential becomes more negative at a particular spot on the membrane, while depolarization is when the membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive).

Whole-cell patch clamp

Action potential property: firing rate

(AM1200000)

Rate of action potential firing which indicates the excitability of a neuron

In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings; Whole-cell patch clamp; Field potential recordings; Cell-attached patch clamp; Whole-cell current clamp; Laser scanning photostimulation

Neuronal apoptosis

(AM1200002)

Timing or number of neurons undergoing programmed cell death in the brain

Expression of cleaved caspase-3 (cC3); Fluorescence microscopy; Immunohistochemistry; Cell counting; TUNEL assay; Detection of apoptosis using the TUNEL assay; Western blot; Stereology; Immunostaining; Histology

Brain bioactive compound levels: n-acetylaspartate

(AM1200003)

Levels of N-acetylaspartate, a derivative of aspartate, and one of the most concentrated molecules in the central nervous system

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Brain bioactive compound levels: thiamin

(AM1200004)

Levels of thiamin or vitamin B1, a co-enzyme in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Decay kinetics of miniature post synaptic currents

(AM1200005)

Decay in size of excitatory or inhibitory spontaneous currents detected in postsynaptic cells

Whole-cell current clamp; Whole-cell patch clamp

Driving force of ion channel or receptor

(AM1200006)

Electrochemical gradient that determines directionality of ion flux across a channel

Cell-attached patch clamp

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signature

(AM1200007)

Voltage fluctuation in the recording of electrical activity along the scalp

Electroencephalogram (EEG); Resting state local field potential (LFP); Reciprocal social interaction test; Electromyogram (EMG)

Anatomical projections and connectivity: Purkinje cell-climbing fiber connections

(AM1200008)

Connections between Purkinje cells (PCs) and climbing fibers ascending from the contralateral inferior olivary nucleus, where, in adults, each PC receives excitatory input from only one climbing fiber through several synapses, whereas a climbing fiber axon can split and innervate several PCs

Whole-cell patch clamp

Decay kinetics of evoked post synaptic currents

(AM1200009)

Decay kinetics (time constants, etc.) of evoked post synaptic currents indicating their duration; evoked excitatory postsynaptic potential leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell induced by the evoked release of many vesicles of excitatory neurotransmitter at the synapse

Whole-cell patch clamp; Calcium imaging

Neuronal activation

(AM1200010)

Neuronal activity, quantified by expression of transcriptional or translational markers

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI)-resting state; C4/C5 ventral root respiratory activity recording; Histology; Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging; Immunohistochemistry; Fluorescence microscopy; Fiber photometry; Immunostaining; Western blot

Spontaneous post synaptic event amplitude: excitatory currents

(AM1200011)

Magnitude of current spikes that result from spontaneous postsynaptic membrane depolarization (excitation)

Whole-cell patch clamp

Electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency: rhythmic

(AM1200012)

Rythmic frequency of EEG recordings, the voltage fluctuation in the recording of electrical activity along the scalp

Electroencephalogram (EEG); Electromyogram (EMG)

Synaptic plasticity: cerebellar LTP

(AM1200013)

Persistent robust increase of the Purkinje cell synaptic response induced by stimulation of parallel fibers

Field potential recordings; Whole-cell patch clamp

Electroretinogram (ERG)

(AM1200014)

Pattern of the graphic record of the integrated ensemble response from many vision related neuronal and glial populations as a consequence of the serial processing within the retina, represented as changes in voltage over time after visual photonic stimulation

Electroretinogram (ERG)

EPSP-spike relationship

(AM1200015)

Ratio of input/output curves in response to stepwise increases in stimulation intensity. A form of intrinsic plasticity of neuronal excitability (non-synaptic) induced concurrently to LTP or LTD, in hippocampal, neocortical and cerebellar neurons. With LTP it is E-S potentiation and with LTD it is E-S depression, however E-S plasticity is also bidirectional, and can switch between potentiation or depression depending on activity levels. E-S potentiation or depression are functionally synergistic to LTP and LTD

Field potential recordings; Whole-cell patch clamp; Whole-cell current clamp; In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings

Event related potential (ERP) in electroencephalography (EEG)

(AM1200016)

Event-dependent electric potential change in EEG recordings, the voltage fluctuation in the recording of electrical activity along the scalp

Electroencephalogram (EEG); Event related potential (ERP); Electrocorticography; Power spectral analysis; Electroencephalogram/electromyogram (EEG/EMG)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

(AM1200017)

Technique for measuring brain activity

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI)-resting state

Intrinsic bursting events or spikes

(AM1200018)

Spontaneous large depolarizing events in cortical neurons

Whole-cell patch clamp; In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings

Intrinsic membrane properties

(AM1200019)

Properties of biological membranes, such as resistance, capacitance and excitability (rheobase is inversely proportional to excitability)

Whole-cell patch clamp; Whole-cell current clamp

Ion influx and permeability: calcium

(AM1200020)

Influx of calcium ions in cells, through active or passive transport, the influx of calcium ions in post-synaptic neurons through synaptic NMDARs is essential to induce long-term potentiation in the CA1 region

Whole-cell patch clamp; Fluorescence microscopy; Microfluorimetric imaging; Calcium imaging; Calcium currents through T type channels

Ion influx and permeability: chlorine

(AM1200021)

Influx of chloride ions in cells, through active or passive transport, through different types of chloride channels including GABA receptors that are ligand-gated ion channels and calcium-activated chloride channels in neurons, causing hyperpolarization

Whole-cell patch clamp

Ion influx and permeability: sodium

(AM1200022)

Influx of sodium ions in cells, voltage-gated sodium channels initiate action potential by allowing influx of Na ions, thereby depolarizing neurons

Whole-cell patch clamp

Local field potential

(AM1200023)

Electrophysiological signal generated by the activity of a population of nearby neurons, measured as a change in voltage, or as a change in current if voltage is clamped to a constant value.

Electroretinogram (ERG); Whole-cell patch clamp; In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings; Field potential recordings

Membrane potential

(AM1200024)

Electrical potential difference, between the inside of a cell and the surrounding extracellular fluid

Whole-cell current clamp; Whole-cell patch clamp; Histology

Miniature post synaptic current amplitude: excitatory

(AM1200025)

Magnitude of current spikes caused by net influx of Na ions, in response to depolarization of the membrane potential of an excitatory post-synaptic neuron, caused by the release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron

Whole-cell patch clamp; Whole-cell current clamp; Whole-cell voltage clamp

Miniature post synaptic current amplitude: inhibitory

(AM1200026)

Magnitude of current spikes caused by influx of Cl ions in response to release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron causing hyperpolarization of the membrane of post-synaptic neuron, across an inhibitory synapse.

Whole-cell patch clamp; Whole-cell voltage clamp

Miniature post synaptic current frequency: excitatory

(AM1200027)

Frequency of current spikes that occur in postsynaptic neurons in response to release of neurotransmitter by presynaptic neurons, when the synaptic connection is excitatory in nature

Whole-cell patch clamp; Whole-cell voltage clamp; Whole-cell current clamp

Miniature post synaptic current frequency: inhibitory

(AM1200028)

Frequency of current spikes that occur in postsynaptic neurons in response to release of neurotransmitter by presynaptic neuron, when the synaptic connection is inhibitory in nature

Whole-cell patch clamp; Whole-cell voltage clamp

Miniature post synaptic currents

(AM1200029)

Current spikes in a post-synaptic neuron, caused by the release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron

Whole-cell patch clamp

Miniature post synaptic currents: excitatory

(AM1200030)

Current spikes in post-synaptic neuron, caused by the release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron across an excitatory synapse leading to movement of Na and K ions across the membrane, with a net influx of Na ions down their chemical gradient

Whole-cell patch clamp

Miniature post synaptic currents: inhibitory

(AM1200031)

Current spikes in post-synaptic neuron, caused by the release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron across a inhibitory synapse leading to influx of Cl ions into the cell

Whole-cell patch clamp

Network excitability

(AM1200033)

Propensity of a population of neurons wired together to fire action potentials

Field potential recordings; Whole-cell patch clamp; Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI)-resting state; Voltage sensitive dye imaging (VSDi); Calcium imaging

Neural spike train signal frequency

(AM1200034)

Whole-cell patch clamp

Neuronal activation following behavioral stimulation

(AM1200035)

Neuronal activity, quantified by expression of immediate-early or early genes after a behavioral task

Immunohistochemistry; Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI)-resting state

Neuronal activation following behavioral stimulation: Arc levels

(AM1200036)

Activity-dependent activation of neurons, measure by expression of immediate early gene Arc

Western blot

Neuronal activation following behavioral stimulation: c-Fos levels

(AM1200037)

Activity-dependent activation of neurons, measure by expression of immediate early gene c-Fos

Immunofluorescence staining; Forced swim test; Immunohistochemistry; In situ hybridization (ISH); RNA sequencing

Neuronal ion channel activity

(AM1200038)

Electrophysiological signal from the opening of ion channels due to the presence of a gating event

Whole-cell patch clamp

Neuroreceptor activity

(AM1200039)

Measured amplitude, current density or duration of response to stimulation of neurotransmitter receptors

Whole-cell patch clamp; Laser scanning photostimulation

Neurotransmitter metabolism

(AM1200040)

Synthesis or degradation of the endogenous signaling molecules secreted into a synaptic cleft

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Ellman reaction for cholinesterase activity; Autoradiographic analysis; High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC)

Neurotransmitter release

(AM1200041)

Amount or probability of release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft after fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane of the presynaptic terminal

Microdialysis; High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Repeated minimum stimulation protocol; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS); Synaptosomal assay; Whole-cell patch clamp; Immunohistochemistry; Western blot; Immunostaining; Paired-pulse facilitation; Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)

Neurotransmitter release: catecholamines

(AM1200042)

Secretion across the synapse of catecholamines synthesized in the brain: norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine

High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC); Microdialysis; High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); In vivo amperometry; Fast scan voltammetry

Neurotransmitter release: neurotrophins

(AM1200043)

Secretion of neurotrophins, family of closely related proteins that control a number of aspects of survival, development, and function of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems

Immunohistochemistry; ELISA; Western blot; Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR)

Neurotransmitter release: quantal parameters

(AM1200044)

Presynaptic release of neurotransmitter measured in quanta, i.e., frequency of release of neurotransmitter packaged in one synaptic vesicle after it fuses with the plasma membrane of the presynaptic terminal which could be increased amount of neurotransmitter per quanta or increase in quanta released by frequency

Whole-cell patch clamp; Multiple-probability fluctuation analysis

Neurotransmitter release: serotonin

(AM1200045)

Secretion across the synapse of serotonin

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Microdialysis; High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC); Autoradiographic analysis; Western blot; Immunohistochemistry

Neurotransmitter release: neurohypophysial

(AM1200046)

Secretion of neurohypophysial hormones (that also act as neurotransmitters) stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary: oxytocin and vasopressin

Immunostaining; Electron microscopy; Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Neurotransporter activity

(AM1200047)

Function of neurotransmitter transporters, which reuptake endogenous neurotransmitter molecules from the synaptic cleft back to the presynaptic axon terminal

Immunocytochemistry; In vivo amperometry; Radial maze test; Synaptosomal assay; Autoradiographic analysis; Microdialysis; Voltammogram measured dopamine concentrations over time; Western blot; Transport assay; Whole-cell patch clamp

Oxidative stress in neurons

(AM1200048)

Condition characterized by an accumulation of free radical groups in the body, which creates a potentially unstable and damaging cellular environment, in this case, in neuronal cells. Excessive production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with reduced enzymatic or non enzymatic neutralization, which may arise due to hypoxia or hypoglycemia in the brain, associated with increased neurodegeneration

Western blot; Measurement of enzyme activity; Spectrophotometry; Immunohistochemistry

Presynaptic function: paired-pulse facilitation

(AM1200049)

Enhanced response of synapses when activated twice in rapid succession, due to an increase of neurotransmitter release at the second stimulus, and a measure of presynaptic release probability

Paired-pulse facilitation; Whole-cell patch clamp; Whole-cell current clamp; Field potential recordings; In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings; Whole-cell voltage clamp; Optogenetics; Light-evoked postsynaptic currents

Perivascular nerve neurotransmission

(AM1200050)

Neurotransmission of the perivascular nerves, the nerve plexuses that innervate blood vessels in the central and peripheral nervous systems

Perivascular nerve stimulation

Population spikes

(AM1200051)

Change in the local field potential due to the propagation of action potentials

Field potential recordings

Electroretinogram (ERG): A wave

(AM1200052)

The A-wave is the negative potential caused by activation of the photoreceptors.

Electroretinogram (ERG)

Electroretinogram (ERG): B wave

(AM1200053)

B-wave is the positive potential caused by the synaptic activation of the rod bipolar cells.

Electroretinogram (ERG)

Neuron remodeling: dendritic pruning

(AM1200054)

Neuron remodeling is the developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate extra dendrite projections set up in early stages of nervous system development that removes dendritic branches and connections to ensure the proper formation of functional circuitry in development or the degeneration and truncation of functional dendrites in disease that disrupts established circuitry.Neurodevelopmental neuron remodeling involves reduction in the number of synaptic inputs to a muscle or post-synaptic neuron that promotes synaptic maturation by increasing synaptic complexity and strength.

Immunohistochemistry; Immunocytochemistry

Rectification of ion channels

(AM1200055)

Electrical property that causes current to flow better in one direction than another, when conductance of ions through the channel changes according to voltage

Whole-cell patch clamp

Spontaneous post synaptic event amplitude: inhibitory currents

(AM1200059)

Magnitude of current spikes that result from spontaneous postsynaptic membrane hyperpolarization, these are also miniature currents

Whole-cell patch clamp

Spontaneous post synaptic events

(AM1200060)

Changes in the postsynaptic membrane potential that occur spontaneously

Whole-cell patch clamp; Observation of seizures; Field potential recordings

Spontaneous post synaptic events: excitatory currents

(AM1200061)

Current spikes that result from spontaneous postsynaptic membrane depolarization, these are also miniature currents

Whole-cell patch clamp

Spontaneous post synaptic events: inhibitory currents

(AM1200062)

Current spikes that result from spontaneous postsynaptic membrane hyperpolarization, these are also miniature currents

Whole-cell patch clamp

Synaptic neuroreceptor ratio (NMDAR/AMPAR) dependent transmission

(AM1200064)

Ratio of current amplitudes in response to stimulation of NMDA and AMPA receptors

Whole-cell patch clamp; Field potential recordings

Synaptic plasticity

(AM1200065)

Ability of a synapse to change its strength as a result of neuronal activity, for example long-term potentiation or long-term depression. Ability of neurons to changes the performance of synapses based on changes to connections within a network, while remaining relatively stable in spite of variable activity (homeostatic). Both short and long term changes to plasticity have been described, including synaptic facilitation and depression and synaptic scaling and involves both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic changes

Whole-cell patch clamp; Field potential recordings; Long term potentiation (LTP); Long term depression (LTD); Neurotransmitter release; Theta Burst Stimulation (TBP); Paired-pulse facilitation; In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings; High-frequency stimulation (HFS); Low-frequency stimulation (LFS)

Synaptic plasticity: cerebellar LTD

(AM1200066)

Persistent robust decrease of the Purkinje cell (PC) synaptic response induced by coincident parallel and climbing fiber activation, which is primarily dependent on metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1) expressed in PCs

Whole-cell patch clamp

Synaptic plasticity: hippocampal LTD

(AM1200067)

Persistent robust decrease in synaptic response of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons typically induced by weak, low-frequency stimulation of CA3 Schaffer collateral axons or using metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR )agonists, which may be dependent on mGluRs or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs)

Field potential recordings; Long term depression (LTD); Whole-cell patch clamp; Paired-pulse low-frequency stimulation (PP-LFS); Low-frequency stimulation (LFS)

Synaptic plasticity: hippocampal LTP

(AM1200068)

Persistent robust increase in synaptic response induced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS) or theta burst stimulation LTP maybe triggered in the dentate gyrus or CA1 sub-regions of the hippocampus. In the dentate gyrus LTP is triggered by stimulating the perforant pathway, whereas in the CA1 region it is usually triggered by stimulating the CA3- CA1 Schaffer collaterals/commissural afferents.

Whole-cell patch clamp; Field potential recordings; Theta Burst Stimulation (TBP); High-frequency stimulation (HFS); Long term potentiation (LTP); Whole-cell voltage clamp; In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings

Synaptic plasticity: LTD

(AM1200069)

Persistent robust decrease in synaptic response induced by weak, low-frequency stimulation

Field potential recordings; Whole-cell patch clamp; Long term depression (LTD)

Synaptic transmission

(AM1200070)

Neurochemical communication from a neuron to a target across a synapse. Basal synaptic transmission is release of neurotransmitters following action potential (detected as fiber volley) in the pre-synaptic neuron, in excitatory synapses this proceeds with release of glutamate that causes only AMPARs in the post-synaptic terminal to open and allow sodium ion influx causing a reversal potential that is positive, in inhibitory synapses the receptors are for GABA and the reversal potential causes change to more negative than the threshold for action potential. Typically measured as a slope of input/output (I/O) curve: a stimulus/ fEPSP(normalized)

Whole-cell patch clamp; Field potential recordings; In vivo long term potential (LTP); RNA sequencing; Long term potentiation (LTP); Western blot; Long term depression (LTD); Laser scanning photostimulation; Paired-pulse facilitation; Retrograde labeling assay; In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings

Synaptic transmission: excitatory

(AM1200071)

Neurochemical communication from a neuron to a target across a synapse, that results in depolarization of the target neuron detected as excitatory current in the postsynaptic cells. Synaptic transmission across an excitatory synapse that uses glutamate as its neurotransmitter, when the glutamate receptor is activated by release of the neurotransmitter, Na and K ions flow into the post-synaptic cell causing depolarization that increases the probability of action potential (but does not necessarily cause one)

Field potential recordings; Whole-cell patch clamp; Voltage sensitive dye imaging (VSDi); Laser scanning photostimulation; Whole-cell voltage clamp; Cell-attached patch clamp; Paired-pulse facilitation; Repeated minimum stimulation protocol; In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings

Synaptic transmission: inhibitory

(AM1200072)

Size or duration of currents detected in postsynaptic cells when an inhibitory impulse arrives at the synapse causing hyperpolarization. Synaptic transmission across an inhibitory synapse that uses GABA as its neurotransmitter, GABA receptors are chloride ion channels and depending on the Chloride potential (caused by the chemical gradient of Cl ions) of the post-synaptic membrane, can cause depolarizing, hyperpolarizing effect, it may also cause no change in potential, yet still cause an inhibitory effect

Whole-cell patch clamp; Laser scanning photostimulation; Optogenetics; Light-evoked postsynaptic currents

Tonic currents through extrasynaptic receptors

(AM1200073)

Slow and graded responsive current through an ion channel receptor that is not located in the synapse, for example the GABAa receptor

Whole-cell patch clamp

Voltage sensitivity of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors

(AM1200074)

Measured amplitude, current density or duration of response to depolarizing stimulation of NMDA receptors

Whole-cell patch clamp

Macroautophagy: neuronal

(AM1200075)

Process of degradation of intracellular organelles using the lysosomal pathway or vacuoles, specifically in neuronal cells

Electron microscopy; Immunostaining; Western blot; Immunohistochemistry

Synaptic plasticity: post-tetanic potentiation (PTP)

(AM1200076)

Type of synaptic plasticity where there is a persistent (lasting minutes only) enhancement of synaptic strength following a brief train of spikes (tetanus)

Field potential recordings

Presynaptic function: presynaptic fiber volley

(AM1200077)

Negative, extracellularly recorded wave that is detected when an action potential in a population of axons passes the recording electrode, where the amplitude is proportional to the number of active presynaptic fibers(often measured in the hippocampal CA3 stratum lucidum containing mossy fibers); serves as an estimate of the strength of an afferent input. It is caused by activation of (several) presynaptic fibres (usually using a stimulation electrode), which in turn fire and activate their postsynaptic partner. A brief negative potential preceding EPSPs is indicative of presynaptic action potential(s) and is termed the "presynaptic volley".

Field potential recordings; Whole-cell patch clamp

Lysosomal function: neuronal

(AM1200078)

Process of compartmentalized degradation of extracellular or plasma membrane bound macromolecules that depends on several types of lysosomal transporters and hydrolases, starting in the late endosome and culminating in the lysosomes (see 'Macroautophagy' for intra-cellular molecule or organelle degradation by lysosomes)

Immunohistochemistry; Fluorescence microscopy

Presynaptic function: paired-pulse depression (PPD)

(AM1200079)

Depressed response to the second of a stimulus pair, arising specifically due to presynaptic changes, most often recorded in the climbing fiber- Purkinje cell synapse in the cerebellum

Whole-cell patch clamp

Event related oscillations (EROs) in electroencephalography (EEG)

(AM1200080)

Rhythmic or repetitive electrical activity in the brain generated in response to stimuli; the oscillations in the alpha, beta, delta, gamma and theta frequency windows have been found to be modified throughout the cortex in pathologic brains and may be used as biomarkers for neuropsychiatric conditions as they are heritable

In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings; Electroencephalogram (EEG); Electrocorticography; Power spectral analysis

Presynaptic function

(AM1200081)

Over all presynaptic activity and its contribution to synaptic plasticity as a combination of fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane and neurotransmitter release probability; generally measured using field recordings, high frequency stimulation and association of stimulus intensity to negative peak amplitude or other optical and fluorescent probes

Field potential recordings; High-frequency stimulation (HFS)

Axonal transport

(AM1200082)

Process by which membranous, metabolically active materials are moved within neurons via microtubule or actin cytoskeleton using molecular motors like the kinesin superfamily of proteins. Two directions of axonal transport occur: anterograde transport from cell body to axon terminals of all subcellular organelles, membrane components of axons, dendrites and nerve terminals; retrograde transport from terminals to the cell body for degradation or restoration of nerve terminal components, mainly dependent on dynein; rates of transport depend on the cargo, e.g., NF have a slow rate and vesicles have a fast rate of transport

Immunohistochemistry; Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI)

Ion efflux and permeability: potassium ions

(AM1200085)

Channel mediated efflux of potassium ions down their concentration gradient via different voltage gated ion channels that regulate membrane potential, excitability and hyperpolarization

Whole-cell patch clamp; Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (SK) current measurements

Spontaneous post synaptic event frequency: inhibitory currents

(AM1200086)

Frequency of current spikes (miniature currents) that result from spontaneous postsynaptic membrane hyperpolarization

Whole-cell patch clamp

Synaptic plasticity: synaptic recovery

(AM1200087)

Form of activity-dependent, short term synaptic plasticity where there is an attenuation of synaptic transmission as a result of depletion of neurotransmitter containing docked vesicles followed by recovery of transmission. Depletion is induced by trains of high frequency stimulation and recovery can be induced by low frequency stimulation

Whole-cell patch clamp

Spontaneous post synaptic event frequency: excitatory currents

(AM1200088)

Frequency of current spikes (miniature currents) that result from spontaneous postsynaptic membrane depolarization

Whole-cell patch clamp

Presynaptic function: vesicle recycling

(AM1200089)

Recycling of functional synaptic vesicles, using different mechanisms of endocytosis of membrane particles, including clathrin mediated and bulk endocytosis in presynaptic nerve terminals. These maybe activity dependent or regulated independent of activity to alter synaptic vesicle recycling, synaptic transmission and efficacy

Electron microscopy; Gene expression microarray; Immunostaining; Fluorescence microscopy; Immunohistochemistry; Field potential recordings

Event related oscillations (EROs) in electroencephalography (EEG): coherence

(AM1200090)

Coherence is a mathematical method used on EEG data that can be used to determine if two or more sensors or brain regions have similar neuronal oscillatory activity. It has been used to assess if specific locations in the brain are connected or 'coherent'.

In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings

Synaptic plasticity: striatal LTD

(AM1200091)

High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of excitatory striatal afferents in brain slices leads to a long-lasting reduction in synaptic strength at MSN synapses, this reduction is initiated postsynaptically but expresssed through a presynaptic reduction in neurotransmitter release. HFS induced striatal LTD requires dopamine D2 receptors, group 1 mGluRs, L-type calcium channels and cannabinoid receptor type1 activation (but no NMDA or metabotropic acetyl choline receptors)

Whole-cell patch clamp

Dorsal root potential (DRP)

(AM1200092)

Form of volume conducted potential in the spinal cord that is caused by primary afferent depolarization (PAD) which are induced by GABAergic axo-axonal synapses onto sensory presynaptic fibers. Dorsal root potentials provide a direct measurement of presynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord, a powerful inhibitory mechanism in the spinal cord that inhibits EPSPs in monosynaptically excited motoneurons using PAD. DRP can be measured from spinal cord dorsal roots after stimulation of adjacent dorsal roots and has six components, with the prolonged negative wave being associated with PAD

Whole-cell patch clamp

Spinal reflex: ventral root potential (VRP)

(AM1200093)

Measurement of spinal reflexes in vitro using hemisected spinal cord preparations where electrical stimulation of the dorsal root (sensory afferent fibers) evoke prolonged reflex response that can be recorded from the corresponding ventral root. The VRP consists of an early peak and a late component activated by unmyelinated nociceptive afferent fibers

Whole-cell patch clamp

Synaptic plasticity: ventral tegmental area LTP

(AM1200094)

Glutamatergic NMDAR dependent LTP induced in ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic neurons (DA). Synaptic plasticity in these neurons is believed to underlie learned behavioral reponse or addictive component of reward. The dopaminergic neurons receive both GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs from a variety of regions like the amygdala, lateral hypothalamus, lateral habenula, lateral dorsal tegmentum as well as the dorsal raphe which is observed to have mostly glutamatergic input to the DA

Whole-cell patch clamp

Quantal post synaptic current amplitude: excitatory

(AM1200095)

Amplitude of quantal excitatory post synaptic currents (EPSCs) also known as asynschronous quantal EPSCs measured using strontium (instead of calcium used in measuring synchronous mEPSCs) in the recording solution that allows filtering out of synaptic inputs from non primary afferents to the post synaptic neuron being evoked

Whole-cell patch clamp

Quantal post synaptic current frequency: excitatory

(AM1200096)

Frequency of quantal excitatory post synaptic currents (EPSCs) also known as asynschronous quantal EPSCs measured using strontium (instead of calcium used in measuring synchronous mEPSCs) in the recording solution that allows filtering out of synaptic inputs from non primary afferents to the post synaptic neuron being evoked

Whole-cell patch clamp

Functional magnetic resonance imaging: connectivity

(AM1200097)

Derived measure using correlation matrices from functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals obtained in resting state (no task) in mice that indicate connectivity between brain regions; differences or similarity between genotypes are determined by comparing corresponding correlation matrices and both hyperconnectivity and underconnectivity can be measured

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI)-resting state; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Compound muscle action potential

(AM1200098)

Electrical depolarization that propagates in the muscle cell in response to nerve stimulation

In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings

Synaptic plasticity: hippocampal LTD: mGluR-mediated

(AM1200099)

Persistent, robust, activity-dependent depression in synaptic response of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons typically induced by weak, low-frequency stimulation (using 50 ms inter-pulse interval in rats) of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR)

Whole-cell patch clamp; Field potential recordings; Long term depression (LTD)

Synaptic plasticity: hippocampal LTD: NMDAR-mediated

(AM1200100)

Persistent, robust, activity-dependent depression in synaptic response of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons typically induced by weak, low-frequency stimulation (using 200 ms inter-pulse interval in rats) of NMDA receptors

Whole-cell patch clamp; Field potential recordings; Long term depression (LTD)

Synaptic plasticity: hippocampal LTP: early phase (E-LTP)

(AM1200101)

The early phase of long-term potentiation, which is mediated by changes in AMPA receptor trafficking

Field potential recordings

Synaptic plasticity: hippocampal LTP: late phase (L-LTP)

(AM1200102)

The late phase of long-term potentiation is the natural extension of E-LTP. Unlike E-LTP, which is independent of protein synthesis, L-LTP requires gene transcription and protein synthesis

Field potential recordings

Synaptic plasticity: striatal LTP

(AM1200103)

Glutamatergic LTP of the striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN)s where afferent connections arise from the thalamus or the cortex (including amygdala and prefrontal cortex), measured in ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) or dorsal striatum (caudoputamen)

Spike-timing-dependent stimulation; Whole-cell patch clamp

Synaptic plasticity: mPFC LTP

(AM1200104)

Persistent robust increase in synaptic response in the medial prefrontal cortex, induced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the CA1 area of the hippocampus

In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings

Local field potential: NMDA mediated local field EPSPs

(AM1200106)

NMDA mediated electrophysiological signal generated by the activity of a population of nearby neurons, measured as a change in voltage, or as a change in current if voltage is clamped to a constant value.

In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings

Local field potential: AMPA mediated local field EPSPs

(AM1200107)

AMPA mediated electrophysiological signal generated by the activity of a population of nearby neurons, measured as a change in voltage, or as a change in current if voltage is clamped to a constant value.

In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings

Neurotransmitter release: histamine

(AM1200108)

Secretion of histamine as neurotransmitter in the brain, measured as histamine levels in brain tissue or CSF

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Hyperpolarization activated cation currents

(AM1200109)

Currents mediated by Ih channels that are activated by hyperpolarizing voltage steps to potentials negative to �??60 mV, near the resting potentials of most cells.

Whole-cell patch clamp

Neuronal activation: non-familiar social interaction

(AM1200110)

Measurement of neuronal activity in freely moving mice while engaged in social interaction with a non-familiar conspecific

Fiber photometry

Neuronal activation: familiar social interaction

(AM1200111)

Measurement of neuronal activity in freely moving mice while engaged in social interaction with a familiar conspecific

Fiber photometry

Neuronal activation: novel object interaction

(AM1200112)

Measurement of neuronal activity in freely moving mice while engaged in social interaction with an inanimate novel object

Fiber photometry

Neuronal activation: locomotion

(AM1200113)

Measurement of neuronal activity in freely moving mice while engaged in locomotion

Fiber photometry

Stimulus-spike relationship: inhibitory

(AM1200114)

Ratio of input/output curves in response to stepwise increases in stimulation intensity in inhibitory neuron

Whole-cell patch clamp

Synaptic transmission: inhibitory: muscarinic modulation

(AM1200115)

Muscarinic agonist modulation of the size or duration of currents detected in postsynaptic cells when an inhibitory impulse arrives at the synapse

Whole-cell patch clamp

Synaptic transmission: inhibitory: noradrenergic modulation

(AM1200116)

Noradrenergic agonist modulation of the size or duration of currents detected in postsynaptic cells when an inhibitory impulse arrives at the synapse

Whole-cell patch clamp

Neurotransmitter release: acetylcholine

(AM1200117)

Secretion across the synapse of acetylcholine

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)

Neurotransmitter release: glutamate

(AM1200118)

Secretion across the synapse of glutamate

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)

Neurotransmitter release: GABA

(AM1200119)

Secretion across the synapse of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)

Synaptic transmission: neuromuscular junction:evoked junction potential (EJP)

(AM1200121)

Measurement of synaptic transmission in the glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (synapses) of fruitlies where a stimulating electrode generates an action potential in larval nerves and the resulting junction potential is measured in the target muscle cell, rapid stimulation rates maybe used to measure the amplitude of the resulting train of EJPs

Whole-cell current clamp

Spontaneous post-synaptic events: miniature excitatory end-junction potential (mEJP)

(AM1200122)

Measure of spontaneous release of single synaptic vesicles in the muscle cells of fruitflies, maybe measured in the presence of tetrodotoxin (that inhibits generation of action potentials)

Spontaneous post-synaptic event amplitude: miniature excitatory end-junction potential (mEJP)

(AM1200123)

Amplitude of spontaneous mEJP measured in muscle cells

Whole-cell current clamp

Spontaneous post-synaptic event frequency: miniature excitatory end-junction potential (mEJP)

(AM1200124)

Frequency of spontaneous mEJPs measured in muscle cells

Whole-cell current clamp

Neurotransmitter metabolism: reuptake: glutamate

(AM1200125)

The uptake of glutamate by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) expressed in neurons or glial cells that tightly regulates the extracellular concentration at the synapse and extra-synaptic locations and recycles glutamate

Neurotransmitter metabolism: reuptake: GABA

(AM1200126)

The uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) by neurons or glial cells leading to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.

Neuroreceptor activity: GABAa excitatory-inhibitory switch

(AM1200127)

The transition of GABAA signaling from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing, that starts soon after birth and is complete in rodents by the end of the first postnatal week, generally measured by the change in spontaneous neuronal activity after GABA induction, or by intracellular choride ion concentration, or by the accompanying increase in expression of NKCC1 (Chloride importer) and KCC2 (Chloride exporter) that undergo, respectively, a reduction (NKCC1) and a parallel increase (KCC2) during development, resulting in the switch from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing GABAA activation during neuronal maturation.

Synaptic plasticity: DSE

(AM1200128)

Depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE) is a Ca2+-dependent retrograde synaptic plasticity mediated by endocannabinoid, 2-AG, signaling where activity-dependent synaptic depression by-2AG is generated by postsynaptic depolarization that induces pure calcium and DGLα- dependent 2-AG synthesis and release, leading to depression of glutamatergic transmission.

Whole-cell voltage clamp