Adaptive immune response: B cells

(AM600000)

Production or function of mature B cells, the primary lymphocyte responsibles for humoral immunity

Stimulation of immune cells; Flow cytometric analysis; ELISA; Western blot; Administration of poly(I:C); Cytofluorometric analysis

Adaptive immune response: B cells antibody production

(AM600001)

Production of immunoglobulins after B cell activation during immune respose

Antibody levels; Western blot; ELISA; ELISPOT

Adaptive immune response: B cells antibody production: IgG

(AM600002)

Production of immunoglobulin class G after B cell activation during immune response

ELISA

Adaptive immune response: leukocyte types

(AM600003)

Process of generating white blood cells (leukocytes) from the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow, including myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis

ELISA; Flow cytometric analysis; Histology

Adaptive immune response: T cells

(AM600004)

Production or function of mature T cells, the lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity and immune system regulation

Flow cytometric analysis; Immunohistochemistry; Cell counting; Stimulation of immune cells; Local inflammatory reaction; ELISA; Immune cell culture; Gene expression microarray

Astrogliosis

(AM600006)

Proliferation or spread of astrocytes into the area of a degenerative lesion or damaged tissue

Immunohistochemistry; Macroscopic analysis; Densitometric analysis; Western blot

Autoimmune reaction

(AM600007)

Condition in which the immune system attacks normal organs and tissue and cannot differentiate self from non-self

Histology; ELISA; Collagen II-induced arthritis (CIA); Macroscopic analysis

CNS inflammation

(AM600008)

Local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the brain or spinal cord. Edema, glial activation, major histocompatibility complex expression, systemic response with changes to protein synthesis, complement actication, production of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1), free radicals and leukocyte invasion characterize CNS inflammation. These have been shown to have both long-term beneficial effects as well as been linked to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's.

Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR); Histology; Immunohistochemistry

Cytokine levels

(AM600009)

Levels in the blood of any of the secreted proteins made by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells that affect the behavior of other cells, these include chemokines, interleukins, lymphokines and monokines and they act as major regulators of the innate and acquired immune response

ELISA; Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR); Flow cytometric analysis; Cytokine level detection; Stimulation of immune cells; Bead-based multiplex assay

Development of immune cells and primary lymphoid organs

(AM600010)

Structure and development of progenitor blood cells committed to a lymphoid lineage, or the organs associated with the development and formation of these cells: the red bone marrow and the thymus gland

Flow cytometric analysis

Signaling: immune cell

(AM600011)

Dynamic interaction of cells, antigens and secreted factors that determines the nature of immune response following a sequence of intracellular signalling events triggered by association of cell surface molecules during cell-cell contact or the detection of soluble molecules of host or pathogen origin. Involves antigen recognition and production or response to cytokines

Spectroscopy; Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR); Western blot

Immunosuppression

(AM600012)

Pathological suppression of the immune system, often indicated by accumulation of splenic cell populations, like GR-1-positive, CD11b-positive cells, believed to be related to functional immunosuppression

Flow cytometric analysis

Inflammatory response

(AM600013)

Reaction of the microcirculation characterized by movement of fluid and leukocytes from the blood into extravascular tissues

ELISA; Local inflammatory reaction; General observations; Western blot; Histology

Innate immune response

(AM600014)

Early phase of the response to infection, that is not dependent on exposure to specific pathogens and does not discriminate between pathogens

Stimulation of immune cells; Histology; Collagen II-induced arthritis (CIA); Flow cytometric analysis; Phagocytosis assay; Western blot; Immunohistochemistry; Confocal microscopy

Innate immune response: neutrophil migration

(AM600015)

Movement of neutrophils guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient

In vivo neutrophil migration; In vitro neutrophile chemotaxis

Wound healing

(AM600017)

Process of repair of trauma to any tissues of the body, especially that caused by physical means

Wound healing assay; Induced liver injury by carbon tetrachloride

Splenocyte proliferation

(AM600018)

Expansion rate of a splenocyte cell population by cell division

Cell counting

Cytokine levels: pro-inflammatory

(AM600019)

Serum or tissue levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin, chemokines, lymphokines and monokines) released primarily by activated macrophages and T-helper cells, upregulate inflammatory reactions, examples include IL-6, IL-17a, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1 beta etc

Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR); Western blot; ELISA; Immunoassay

Cytokine levels: anti-inflammatory

(AM600020)

Serum or tissue levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines that mainly control or regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines, examples include IL-10, IL-4, IL-11, IL-13, some cytokines are known to be anti or pro-inflammatory depending on context

Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR); ELISA

Microgliosis

(AM600021)

Changes in morphology and increase in number of microglia, specialized phagocytic macrophages in the central nervous system

Immunohistochemistry; Histology

Cytokine levels: chemokine

(AM600022)

Serum of tissue levels of chemokines, a class of cytokines that promote chemotaxis, eg. MCP-1

Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR)